Laffey, S. C., (1996). Development of a railroad information system for the Chicago region. GIS/LIS'96 Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems/Land Information Systems Denver, CO, USA 19-21 Nov. 1996
Bethesda, MD, USA American Society for Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, pp.749-54.
Keywords: Database management systems; Geographic information systems; Management information systems; Railways; Railroad information system development; Chicago region; Fox River Grove; Illinois; usa; Public-at-grade highway-railroad crossings; Level crossing accidents; Databases; Information integration; Region-wide railroad IS; Arc/Info; gis; Dynamic segmentation; Arc/attribute relationships ; Swift Rail Act of 1994
Original abstract: Chicago is the hub of the USA's railroad network. It therefore needs a unique information system to manage the transportation system to minimize community-railroad conflicts. Over 1500 trains operate each day over 1684 route miles of rail lines and 1992 public-at-grade highway-railroad crossings. Numerous opportunities for conflict between trains and highway/pedestrian traffic exist. In the period 1990 to 1994, 601 grade crossing accidents occurred. A tragic accident at Fox River Grove, Illinois, which claimed the lives of seven school children in October 1995, focused national attention on the safety of the region's public-at-grade crossings. This paper will present the methodology used to integrate information from national, state, and regional databases into a comprehensive region-wide railroad information system. Arc/Info was the GIS used at CATS to integrate the wealth of available information. Databases from the Federal Railroad Administration, Illinois Department of Transportation and the Chicago Area Transportation Study were translated into tables and then related to the base railroad network via dynamic segmentation and traditional one to one arc/attribute relationships. An illustration of the success of the information system will be provided by demonstrating how the system was used to quantify potential impacts upon the region's citizens from a proposed rule in the Swift Rail Act of 1994 requiring trains to sound their horns a quarter mile prior to and through every public-at-grade highway-railroad crossing.
 

Laptev, I.; H. Mayer; T. Lindeberg; W. Eckstein; C. Steger; A. Baumgartner (2000). Automatic extraction of roads from aerial images based on scale space and snakes. Machine Vision and Applications, V12, (N1): 23-31.
Keywords: Road extraction
Original Abstract: We propose a new approach for automatic road extraction from aerial imagery with a model and a strategy mainly based on the multi-scale detection of roads in combination with geometry-constrained edge extraction using snakes. A main advantage of our approach is, that it allows for the first time a bridging of shadows and partially occluded areas using the heavily disturbed evidence in the image. Additionally, it has only few parameters to be adjusted. The road network is constructed after extracting crossings with varying shape and topology. We show the feasibility of the approach not only by presenting reasonable results but also by evaluating them quantitatively based on ground truth.
 

Lavalle, C.; D. Ehrlich; A. Annoni, (1998). Sustainable urban development: the MURBANDY project of the Centre for Earth Observation (CEO). IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174) Seattle, WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.2571-3 vol.5.
Keywords: Geophysical techniques; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Town and country planning; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Town planning; City; Sustainable urban development; MURBANDY project; Centre for Earth Observation; ceo; Monitoring Urban Dynamics; Europe; Landscape; Land use; Change ; Urban areas
Original abstract: The project on Monitoring Urban Dynamics (MURBANDY) is being carried out by the Centre for Earth Observation programme, in support to the environment and spatial planning policies of the European Union, with the main objective to provide information on changes and dynamics of European landscapes. MURBANDY will quantify and analyse structural changes in urban areas and in their surrounding belts to understand past evolution and predict future trends of urban developments and their impact of the quality of environment. The project started in early 1998 and is expected to produce first results by July 1998. This paper describes the scope and the methods of the MURBANDY project.
 

Le Moigne, J.; N. S. Netanyahu; J. G. Masek; D. M. Mount; S. Goward; M. Honzak, (2000). Geo-registration of Landsat data by robust matching of wavelet features. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) IGARSS 2000.Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.1610-12 vol.4.
Keywords: Atmospheric techniques; Clouds; Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Image matching; Image registration; Remote sensing; Wavelet transforms; Geo-registration; Landsat data; Robust matching; Wavelet features; Sub-pixel accuracy registration; Landsat-5 data; Landsat-7 data; Automated mass processing/analysis system; realm; Scenes; Geometrically corrected scene; Radiometrically corrected scene; Cloud shadows; Pre-processed scenes; Landsat chips; Landmark chips; Overcomplete wavelet representation; Feature matching; Statistically robust techniques; Window; Chip-window pair ; Robust wavelet feature matching
Original abstract: The goal of our project is to build an operational system, which will provide a sub-pixel accuracy registration of Landsat-5 and Landsat-7 data. Integrated within an automated mass processing/analysis system for Landsat data (REALM), the input to our registration method consists of scenes that have been geometrically and radiometrically corrected, as well as pre-processed for the detection of clouds and cloud shadows. Such pre-processed scenes are then geo-registered relative to a database of Landsat chips. This paper describes our registration process, including the use of a database of landmark chips, a feature extraction performed by an overcomplete wavelet representation, and feature matching using statistically robust techniques. Knowing the approximate longitudes and latitudes of the four corners of the scene, a subset of chips which represent landmarks included in the scene are extracted from the database. For each of these selected landmark chips, a corresponding window is extracted from the scene, and each chip-window pair is registered using our robust wavelet feature matching. First results and future directions are presented in the paper.
 

Lee, B. D.; C. D. Tomlin (1997). Automate transportation corridor allocation. GIS World, 10, (1): 56-8, 60.
Keywords: Cartography; Data handling; Geographic information systems; Government data processing; Town and country planning; Traffic engineering computing; Transportation; Automated transportation corridor allocation; Digital technology; Transportation planning; Route corridor allocation; Major highway; Transportation alignments; Public setting; Cartographic modeling; Raster GIS-based methodology; Data processing control specifications; Computational language; Mathematical algebra ; Map algebra
Original Abstract: The use of digital technology in most fields often begins with replicating familiar, nondigital tasks. As this use evolves, however, new tools and techniques often emerge. In the field of transportation planning, the advent of digital technology primarily has been associated with GIS. Although the use of GIS in this field has grown dramatically during the last decade and is well established, only recently have nontraditional methods begun to emerge. An area in which GIS use has led to new transportation planning techniques is route corridor allocation-the process by which major highway or other transportation alignments are sited to satisfy numerous criteria in what's often a public setting. Particularly promising is the use of cartographic modeling, a raster GIS-based methodology that has been effective in several fields for its ability to encompass wide-ranging issues in a remarkably clear, consistent manner. Such work is performed by expressing data, data processing capabilities and data processing control specifications in terms of elementary units-units that can be recombined with great flexibility. The result is a computational language similar to mathematical algebra. In this map algebra, however, variables and operations are cartographic, rather than arithmetic.
 

Lefsky, M. A.; D. Harding; W. B. Cohen; G. Parker; H. H. Shugart (1999). Surface lidar remote sensing of basal area and biomass in deciduous forests of eastern Maryland, USA. Remote Sensing of Environment, V67, (N1): 83-98.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: A method of predicting two forest stand structure attributes, basal area and aboveground biomass, from measurements of forest vertical structure was developed and tested using field and remotely sensed canopy structure measurements. Coincident estimates of the vertical distribution of canopy surface area (the canopy height profile), and field-measured stand structure attributes were acquired for two data sets. The chronosequence data set consists of 48 plots in stands distributed within 25 miles of Annapolis, MD, with canopy height profiles measured in the field using the optical-quadrat method. The stem-map data set consists of 75 plots subsetted from a single 32 ha stem-mapped stand, with measurements of their canopy height profiles made using the SLICER (Scanning Lidar Imager of Canopies by Echo Recovery) instrument, an airborne surface lidar system. Four height indices, maximum, median, mean, and quadratic mean canopy height (QMCH) were calculated from the canopy height profiles. Regressions between the indices and stand basal area and biomass were developed using the chronosequence data set. The regression equations developed from the chronosequence data set were then applied to height indices calculated from the remotely sensed canopy height profiles from the stem map data set, and the ability of the regression equations to predict the stem map plot's stand structure attributes was then evaluated. The QMCH was found to explain the most variance in the chronosequence data set's stand structure attributes, and to most accurately predict the values of the same attributes in the stem map data set. For the chronosequence data set, the QMCH predicted 70% of variance in stand basal area, and 80% of variance in aboveground biomass, and remained nonasymptotic with basal areas up to 50 m2 ha-1, and aboveground biomass values up to 450 Mg ha-1. When applied to the stem-map data set, the regression equations resulted in basal areas that were, on average, underestimated by 2.1 m2 ha-1, and biomass values were underestimated by 16 Mg ha-1, and explained 37% and 33% of variance, respectively. Differences in the magnitude of the coefficients of determination were due to the wider range of stand conditions found in the chronosequence data set; the standard deviation of residual values were lower in the stem map data set than on the chronosequence data sets. Stepwise multiple regression was performed to predict the two stand structure attributes using the canopy height profile data directly as independent variables, but they did not improve the accuracy of the estimates over the height index approach.
 

Lepage, R.; R. G. Rouhana; B. St-Onge; R. Noumeir; R. Desjardins (2000). Cellular neural network for automated detection of geological lineaments on radarsat images. Ieee Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, V38, (N3): 1224-1233.
Keywords: feature extraction , Radarsat
Original Abstract: The analysis of natural linear structures, termed "lineaments" in satellite images, provides important information to the geologist. In the satellite imaging process, important features of the observed tridimensional scene, including geological lineaments, are mapped into the resulting 2D image as sharp radiation variations or edge elements (edgels). Edgels are detected by a first-order differentiation operator and are linked together with those in the vicinity on a basis of orientation continuity. Lineaments are mapped into remotely sensed satellite images as long and continuous quasilinear features and can be described as a connected sequence of edgels whose direction may change gradually along the sequence. Parts of the same lineament can be occluded by geomorphological features and must be linked together, a major drawback with local and small neighborhood detectors. The authors propose a cellular neural network (CNN) architecture to offer a large directional neighborhood to the lineament detection algorithm. The CNN uses a large circular neighborhood coupled with a directional-induced gradient field to link together edgels with similar and continuous orientation. Missing edgels are restored if a surrounding lineament is detected.
 

Lepofsky, M.; M. Abkowitz; P. Cheng (1993). Transportation Hazard Analysis in Integrated Gis Environment. Journal of Transportation Engineering-Asce, V119, (N2): 239-254.
Keywords:
 
 

Leprieur, C.; V. Carrere; X. F. Gu (1995). Atmospheric Corrections and Ground Reflectance Recovery for Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (Aviris) Data - Mac Europe 91. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, V61, (N10): 1233-1238.
Keywords: AVIRIS , atmospheric corrections
 
 

Lin, C. T.; Y. C. Lee; H. C. Pu (2000). Satellite sensor image classification using cascaded architecture of neural fuzzy network. Ieee Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, V38, N2 PT2: 1033-1043.
Keywords: Image classification
Synopsis: The authors discuss a method of image classification using a neural fuzzy network. Their goal is to tackle classification of complex satellite images with such features as mixed pixels. The inputs to this system are original gray values, statistically structural measurements, and spectrum features. Their results show that the accuracy of classification averages about 90%.
 
 

Liu, C. H.; A. J. Chen, (1995). An improved spectral knowledge for multi-temporal images classification-a case study of urban area. 1995 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS '95. Quantitative Remote Sensing for Science and Applications (Cat. No.95CH35770) Firenze, Italy 10-14 July 1995
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.1279-81 vol.2.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image classification; Image sequences; Optical information processing; Remote sensing; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Optical imaging; Visible IR infrared; Spectral knowledge; Multi-temporal image classification; Multispectral remote sensing; Urban area; Normalized reflectance; Bidirectional reflectance factor; brf; Scene-independent spectral knowledge; brdf; Divergence ; Apparent reflectance
Original abstract: The authors demonstrate that the normalized reflectance is much more suitable than bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) as the scene-independent spectral knowledge as Wharton (1987) suggested. Normalized reflectance can be obtained from normalization of BRF by its intrinsic BRDF. Transformed divergences of apparent reflectance, BRF and normalized reflectance of the urban target in the multi-temporal dataset are compared.
 

Logsdon, M. G.; E. J. Bell; F. V. Westerlund (1996). Probability mapping of land use change: a GIS interface for visualizing transition probabilities. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 20, (6): 389-98.
Keywords: Data visualisation; Geographic information systems; Graphical user interfaces; Markov processes; Probability; Query processing; Town and country planning; Visual databases; Probability mapping; Land use change; GIS interface; Transition probability visualization; Query; Spatial pattern; Land cover; Classifications; Stochastic process; Markov chains; Change analysis; Geographic information system; Interactive spatial query tool; Urban growth management policies; Remote sensing; Matrix menus; ARC/INFO Macro Language ; Hypothesis formulation
Original Abstract: In the past few years the visualization and modeling of land use change over time has been carried out by summarizing the total amount, types, and locations of change but without a means to query the spatial pattern of the individual changes or investigate the probability of change in or between land cover or land use classifications. We show how the stochastic process known as Markov chains afford a powerful descriptive and predictive model for land use changes and for future land use distributions. We also present an automated interface for change analysis that employs a geographic information system and an application that facilitates the construction and spatial query of change mechanisms. This interactive spatial query tool, conceived for the investigation of the impact of urban growth management policies, is applied to remote sensing data for 1984 and 1988-89 of the Chesapeake Bay region (U.S.A.). Matrix menus written in ARC/INFO Macro Language (AML) permit the spatial display of the different land cover classes and are also an excellent tool for the visualization of dynamic change and for hypothesis formulation.
 

Louis, N.; J. J. Korczak, (1998). Synthesis of conceptual hierarchies applied to remote sensing images. Image and Signal Processing for Remote Sensing IV Barcelona, Spain 21-23 Sept. 1998
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.397-406.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Image classification; Image segmentation; Pattern clustering; Remote sensing; Conceptual hierarchies; Remote sensing images; Large-sized images; Classified images; Image classifications; Conceptual clustering algorithm; Cobweb; Tree-structured clusters; Heterogenous hierarchical classifiers; K-means; Unimem; Labyrinth ; Urban zones
Original abstract: Remote sensing is a domain where one of the biggest important problems is the interpretation of large-sized images. Thereby, it is not possible for experts to analyze the ceaseless image streams. In practice, there is a growing interest in understanding concepts discovered in classified images. Our approach to image classifications is based on the conceptual clustering algorithm, Cobweb and its extensions. In general, these algorithms produce tree-structured clusters. However, once the hierarchies are built, the remote sensing experts need to compare and to synthesize the obtained hierarchies in terms of conceptual similarities. Two algorithms are described which produce a synthesis of hierarchies. The first algorithm can be used to synthesize results generated by heterogenous hierarchical classifiers, such as K-means, Unimem, Labyrinth. The second algorithm is an extended version of Cobweb. The experiments carried on urban zones have shown the universality and the efficiency of our approaches.
 

Luis, A. J.; S. Isijima (1997). Quantification and analysis of thermal energy responses from discrete urban surfaces using air-borne radiometric data. Journal of the Japan Society of Infrared Science and Technology, 7, (2): 85-97.
Keywords: Emissivity; Radiative transfer; Remote sensing; Terrestrial heat; Thermal energy responses; Discrete urban surfaces; Airborne radiometric data; Daytime long-wave energy responses; Urban terrain; Remote sensing data; Radiosonde data; Atmospheric transmittance; LOWTRAN-7 simulation; Surface emissivity values; Radiative transfer equation; True surface temperatures; Disposition of thermal energy; Vegetation; Pavements; Natural inert surfaces; Cultivation; Water; Amount of available moisture; Heterogeneous medium ; Long-wave radiation
Original Abstract: This study addresses a procedure for quantification and analysis of the daytime long-wave energy responses of the urban terrain using air-borne remote sensing data. Using radiosonde data, simulation of the atmospheric transmittance has been carried out by using LOWTRAN-7, and by providing the appropriate surface emissivity values to the radiative transfer equation, true surface temperatures have been obtained to retrieve their corresponding thermal energy. In order to quantify the disposition of thermal energy from different surfaces, urban landscape has been classified into five main classes: vegetation, pavements, and natural inert surfaces, cultivation and water, to represent the main contributing thermal energy blocks to the lower atmosphere. Further categorization into 19 subclasses has been done to assess the individual surface thermal energy response on a smaller scale. The analysis of thermal energy from discrete surfaces has shown that their thermophysical productivity, and the amount of available moisture, plays an important role in shaping the magnitude of disposed thermal energy. Furthermore, the results from this study have shown that the urban terrain is a heterogeneous medium with complex thermal energy regimes, when compared to the near-homogeneous ocean surface.
 

Maat, K.; J. Visser, (1996). A simulation model for urban freight transport. Geographical Information from Research to Application Through Cooperation. Second Joint European Conference and Exhibition Proceedings of Joint European Conference on Geographical Information Barcelona, Spain 27-29 March 1996
Amsterdam, Netherlands IOS Press, pp.699-702 vol.1.
Keywords: Digital simulation; Distributive data processing; Environmental factors; Geographic information systems; Road traffic; Town and country planning; Transportation; Simulation model; Urban freight transport; Urban mobility; Accessibility; Environmental amenity; Conflict of interests; Policy-makers; Geographic information system; Trips; Routes ; Traffic intensity
Original abstract: Urban mobility is constrained by two fundamental aims: to ensure both accessibility and environmental amenity. For freight transport in particular, pursuit of these objectives can lead to a conflict of interests. Policy-makers need an instrument to evaluate how various measures affect accessibility and environmental amenity. At the same time, these measures have to allow for the characteristics specific to the job of moving goods. In this context, we have been using a GIS to develop a model that simulates the trips and routes taken in moving freight. The model aggregates those trips and routes according to indicators of traffic intensity, accessibility and environmental amenity.
 

Madhok, V.; D. Landgrebe, (1999). Supplementing hyperspectral data with digital elevation. IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293) Hamburg, Germany 28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.59-61 vol.1.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image classification; Multidimensional signal processing; Sensor fusion; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Urban scene; Town; City; Buildings; Optical remote sensing; Multispectral method; Hyperspectral method; Image processing; Digital elevation; Roof-top; Flightline; Washington; Mall; United States; usa; Digital elevation map; Topography; dem; Identification ; Building boundary
Original abstract: This paper describes an experimental study where using a fusion of two essentially different types of data proves significantly superior to the individual use of either one or the other. The task is to identify and accurately delineate building roof-tops in a flightline of hyperspectral data of the Washington D.C. Mall. There are 210 channels of spectral data available, supplemented with a channel containing digital elevation map (DEM) data for each pixel of the scene. Experiments using gradient-based algorithms on the DEM data show that its use alone is not sufficient to sharply delineate building boundaries. A spectral classifier does not have these problems. However, building roof-tops in this urban scene are constructed of different materials and are in various states of condition and illumination. This and the fact that, in some cases, the material used in roof-tops is spectrally similar to that used in streets and parking areas make this a challenging classification problem, even for hyperspectral data. It is shown in this paper that combining hyperspectral and DEM data can substantially sharpen the identification of building boundaries, reduce classification error, and lessen dependence on the analyst for classifier construction.
 

Maeda, O.; M. Nakamura; B. M. Ombuki; K. Onaga, (1999). A genetic algorithm approach to vehicle routing problem with time deadlines in geographical information systems. IEEE SMC'99 Conference Proceedings. 1999 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Tokyo, Japan 12-15 Oct. 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.595-600 vol.4.
Keywords: Genetic algorithms; Geographic information systems; Network routing; Traffic engineering computing; Transportation; Genetic algorithm; Vehicle routing problem; Time deadlines; Geographical information systems; vrptd; Object-oriented geospatial information system ; Traffic network
Original abstract: This paper treats a vehicle routing problem, called VRPTD, in an object-oriented geospatial information system (GIS). A scheme to construct a traffic network in the GIS is presented and then a genetic algorithm based approach to solve it approximately is proposed. Experimental evaluation shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
 

Magli, E.; G. Olmo, (2000). Integrated compression and linear feature detection in the wavelet domain. Proceedings 2000 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. No.00CH37101) Proceedings of 7th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing Vancouver, BC, Canada 10-13 Sept. 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.889-92 vol.3.
Keywords: Data compression; Edge detection; Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Hough transforms; Image coding; Remote sensing; Transform coding; Wavelet transforms; Linear feature detection; Wavelet domain; Earth observation missions; Lossy compression; Ground transmission; Discarded images; On-board image selection; Straight patterns; Hough transform; Complexity; Performance ; Real-time data throughput
Original abstract: In many Earth observation missions, a large amount of data are collected by the on-board sensors, and must be transmitted to ground through a channel with limited capacity; in this case, besides lossy compression, one often has to select a subset of the original images for ground transmission. It is then desirable that the discarded images are those with a minor information content. In this paper we propose an algorithm for on-board image selection, which is fully integrated within a wavelet-based image compression scheme. The algorithm selects images possibly containing straight patterns, and uses the Hough transform, performed in the wavelet domain, for the detection task. It is shown that this method achieves a notable complexity reduction at the expense of a limited performance degradation, strongly increasing the sustainable real-time data throughput.
 

Maingnenand, M. (2000). A query resolution engine to handle a path operator with multiple paths. Transportation Research Part C (Emerging Technologies), 8C, (1-6): 109-27.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Query processing; Query resolution engine; Path operator; Multiple paths; End-user query; Geographical information system; Transportation; gis-t; Path evaluation operator; Alphanumeric criteria; Path evaluation; Spatial intersection; Database query language; Multicriteria analysis; Query aggregates; Metabase; Database ; Visual ambiguities
Original Abstract: An end-user query of a geographical information system (GIS) can formally be defined as the application of a set of operators (spatial or not). GIS used for transportation (GIS-T) must provide a path evaluation operator. For example, an end-user query may involve a selection based on alphanumeric criteria, an evaluation of path, and a spatial intersection. This composition of operators and the fact that the evaluation of a path may not provide a unique result impose the definition of a query resolution model or a database query language able to support this composition. In this paper we present a query resolution model. The use of multicriteria analysis and the definition of aggregates in a query (nearly mandatory) may involve ambiguities in the final presentation of the results to an end-user. The formal modeling of query results must take into account this risk. The philosophies of a query definition and the presentation of the results may be different (e.g., formular vs visual). The management of query results must take into account the data model associated with the query results, the results themselves (metabase/database), and the interpretation. The interpretation avoids errors due to visual ambiguities of an operator with an aggregate function.
 

Majetic, M.; M. Dugacki; R. Kopal, (1997). Practical example of using GIS/GPS in MUP, Police Department of Zagreb. Proceedings. 17th Conference on Transportation Systems, Automation in Transportation '97 Proceedings 17th Conference on Transportation Systems. Automation in Transportation '97 Osijek/Bizovac, Croatia & Budapest, Hungary 19-21 Nov. 1997
Zagreb, Croatia KoREMA, pp.51-5.
Keywords: Administrative data processing; Geographic information systems; Global Positioning System; Police data processing; Geographic information system; gis; Zagreb Police Department; Addresses ; Street names
Original abstract: The geographic information system (GIS) used by the Ministry of the Interior of Croatian Police Department of Zagreb enables time and area arrangement of the events as well as their analysis. This information is stored as a collection of theme layers related according to their geographic significance. This geographic information consists of the implicit reference such as addresses, municipality, street names and house numbers. Automatic geocoding is used to obtain explicit geographic references from the implicit ones (described as addresses). These geographic references enable location of some characteristics as well as Global Positioning System (GPS) usage. The application realised by ArcView 3.0 shows practical usage in different searching aims (street, address, objects, etc.), in criminal analyses and the analyses of different events (car stealing, robberies, burglaries, accidents, etc.), and in car protection by GPS.
 

Manian, V.; R. Vasquez; P. Katiyar (2000). Texture classification using logical operators. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 9, (10): 1693-703.
Keywords: Convolution; Feature extraction; Image classification; Image sampling; Image segmentation; Image texture; Mathematical operators; Texture classification; Logical operators; Texture images; Texture discrimination; Standard deviation matrices; Zonal sampling features; Feature selection; Feature normalization; Euclidean distance classifier; Convolutions; Remote sensing images; Compressed images; Reconstructed images ; Industrial images
Original Abstract: In this paper, a new algorithm for texture classification based on logical operators is presented. Operators constructed from logical building blocks are convolved with texture images. An optimal set of six operators are selected based on their texture discrimination ability. The responses are then converted to standard deviation matrices computed over a sliding window. Zonal sampling features are computed from these matrices. A feature selection process is applied and the new set of features are used for texture classification. Classification of several natural and synthetic texture images are presented demonstrating the excellent performance of the logical operator method. The computational superiority and classification accuracy of the algorithm is demonstrated by comparison with other popular methods. Experiments with different classifiers and feature normalization are also presented. The Euclidean distance classifier is found to perform best with this algorithm. The algorithm involves only convolutions and simple arithmetic in the various stages which allows faster implementations. The algorithm is applicable to different types of classification problems which is demonstrated by segmentation of remote sensing images, compressed and reconstructed images and industrial images.
 

Manolakis, D.; C. Siracusa; G. Shaw (2001). Hyperspectral subpixel target detection using the linear mixing model. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 39, (7): 1392-409.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image processing; Multidimensional signal processing; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Hyperspectral remote sensing; Visible; ir; Subpixel target detection; Linear mixing model; Multispectral remote sensing; Detectability; Spectral signature ; Algorithm
Original Abstract: Relative to multispectral sensing, hyperspectral sensing can increase the detectability of pixel and subpixel size targets by exploiting finer detail in the spectral signatures of targets and natural backgrounds. Over the past several years, different algorithms for the detection of full-pixel or subpixel targets with known spectral signature have been developed. The authors take a closer and more in-depth look at the class of subpixel target detection algorithms that explore the linear mixing model (LMM) to characterize the targets and the interfering background. Sensor noise is modeled as a Gaussian random vector with uncorrelated components of equal variance. The paper makes three key contributions. First, it provides a complete and self-contained theoretical derivation of a subpixel target detector using the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) approach and the LMM. Some other widely used algorithms are obtained as byproducts. The performance of the resulting detector, under the postulated model, is discussed in great detail to illustrate the effects of the various operational factors. Second, it introduces a systematic approach to investigate how well the adopted model characterizes the data, and how robust the detection algorithm is to model-data mismatches. Finally, it compares the derived algorithms with regard to two desirable properties: capacity to operate in constant false alarm rate mode and ability to increase the separation between target and background.
 

Marazzi, A.; P. Gamba; A. Mecocci; E. Costamagna, (1997). A mixed fractal/wavelet based approach for characterization of textured remote sensing images. IGARSS'97. 1997 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Remote Sensing - A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development (Cat. No.97CH36042) Singapore 3-8 Aug. 1997
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.655-7 vol.2.
Keywords: Fractals; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image texture; Remote sensing; Wavelet transforms; Geophysical measurement technique; Image processing; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Fractal wavelet based approach; Wavelet transform; Textured remote sensing image; Image segmentation; Wavelet multiscale analysis; Fractal characterization ; Textured image
Original abstract: One of the problems encountered in the field of remote sensing image characterization, is the choice for the right features. The addition of textures as a discriminating parameter is a good help in the step of segmentation of different zones. The authors present an approach that is a mix between a wavelet multiscale analysis and a fractal characterization, in order to exploit both the main characteristic of the two approaches and to override the limitations of the two techniques. The chain was applied to different textured images showing an improvement respect to other methods based on wavelet transform and fractal approach alone.
 

Marchessault, T.; D. K. Thirumalai, (1999). DOT RS Policy (Power point file). A National Forum on Remote Sensing Applications to Transportation, May 11-12, 1999, Washington DC. http://scitech.dot.gov/reeng/sensmsrm/rmtsense/sbrsagnd.html,

Marchisio, G. B.; K. Koperski; M. Sanella, (2000). Querying remote sensing and GIS repositories with spatial association rules. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) IGARSS 2000. Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.3054-6 vol.7.
Keywords: Data mining; Geographic information systems; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image processing; Query formulation; Query processing; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Querying; gis; Spatial association rule; Data fusion; Multispectral image; Spatial association rules; Topological relationship; Spatial orientation; Ordering; Distance information; Image segmentation; Algorithm; Pixel level; Region level; Scene level; Indexing strategy; Scene level feature; Feature extraction; Image texture; Classification ; Spatial relationship
Original abstract: The authors describe the fusion of multispectral image and GIS data mining functions in a module that implements spatial association rules. Spatial association rules may represent: 1) topological relationships between spatial objects; 2) spatial orientation or ordering; and 3) distance information. Their approach relies on a fast and unique segmentation algorithm that combines information with edge-based information in a variational framework. The indexing strategy distinguishes between three levels of features: 1) pixel level, 2) region level, and 3) scene level features. They use pixel level information for the extraction of higher level features, and in the process of query refinement. Region level features describe groups of contiguous pixels. Following segmentation, they describe each region with a boundary and a number of attributes, like spectral endmember types and percentages, textural classes, shape, size, fractal scale, etc. They quantify shape, orientation and other geometric properties of the segments by computing 32 moments. Scene level features describe global properties of whole scenes, and the spatial relationships of the largest regions in them. The second level of features can optionally support definition of semantic labels from multiple attributes, which include GIS attributes, if present. At a higher level, they can attempt to construct semantic labels from a tree of topological relationships. They store images and features in a database to enable fast access, data integrity and easy interfacing with other applications.
 

Marmo, J. (1996). Hyperspectral imager will view many colors of earth. Laser Focus World, 32, (8): 85-6, 88, 91-2.
Keywords: CCD image sensors; Focal planes; Geophysical techniques; Infrared detectors; Infrared spectrometers; Mirrors; Optical focusing; Photodetectors; Remote sensing; Spectrometers; Town and country planning; Colors; Earth; Hyperspectral imager; Focal-plane-array detector; Three-mirror; Off-axis foreoptics; Panchromatic detector; Near-infrared spectrometer; Visible spectrometer; VNIR focal-plane array; Three-phase charge-coupled device; Split frame transfer; Vegetative terrain sensing; 12.5 cm; 400 to 1000 nm ; 900 to 2500 nm
Original Abstract: The focal-plane-array detector/imagers of the hyperspectral imager (HSI) share 12.5-cm-aperture, three-mirror, off-axis foreoptics. The panchromatic detector lies at the focus of the foreoptics, as do the slits of the spectrometers. The visible/near-infrared (VNIR) spectrometer covers the 400-1000-nm waveband. The VNIR focal-plane array (FPA) consists of a custom three-phase charge-coupled device (CCD) in a split frame transfer.
 

Martinez, P.; D. Schertzer; K. Pham, (1996). Texture analysis by universal multifractal features in a polarimetric SAR image. IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Remote Sensing for a Sustainable Future (Cat. No.96CH35875) Lincoln, NE, USA 27-31 May 1996
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.37-9 vol.1.
Keywords: Fractals; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image classification; Image segmentation; Image texture; Radar imaging; Radar polarimetry; Radar signal processing; Remote sensing by radar; Spaceborne radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Geophysical measurement technique; Radar remote sensing; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Vegetation mapping; Forest; SAR imagery; Image texture analysis; Universal multifractal features; Fractal; Image processing; Natural image texture; Two-dimensional multifractal cascade process; Universal multifractal theory; Supervised segmentation; sir-c; L-band; Urban area; UHF radar ; Cultivated fields
Original abstract: Multifractal features have been widely used in geophysics to characterize natural phenomena but seldom in image processing. Therefore, in this study, the authors show that these features can also be efficient in texture classification. They assume that a natural image texture is the result of a specific two-dimensional multifractal cascade process and so, according to the universal multifractal theory, few parameters are enough to entirely describe this process and therefore the texture. As the multifractal parameters are quite linearly separable, a very simple and fast algorithm is run for the supervised segmentation. In practice, the authors have computed these features on a SIR-C L-band polarimetric SAR image, and used them to segment this image into five classes (sea, shore, forest, urban areas and cultivated fields).
 

Mason, S. O.; E. P. Baltsavias; I. Bishop (1997). Spatial decision support systems for the management of informal settlements. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 21, (3-4): 189-208.
Keywords: Data visualisation; Decision support systems; Geographic information systems; Image processing; Remote sensing; Town and country planning; Visual databases; Spatial decision support systems; Informal settlement management; Ecosystem; Local planning; Geospatial data access; Interactive decision environment; Urban planning; Data update; Data visualization; Data accessibility; Digital aerial imagery; Three-dimensional settlement models; Two-dimensional settlement models; Digital image analysis ; Spatial information dissemination
Original Abstract: Informal settlements are characterized by rapid, unstructured expansion, poorly constructed buildings, and destruction of the local ecosystem. The improvement of living conditions in informal settlements is best tackled at the local level. Effective local planning and management, however, can only be made through access to adequate geo-spatial data. This paper considers a number of promising trends in the realm of spatial information and the contribution which each of these may make to greater capability, validity and accessibility in an interactive decision environment (IDE) for urban planning and management. The potential development directions reported in this article offer increased capabilities for frequent data update, new directions for modeling and visualization, and wider data accessibility and dissemination. We examine the role of geographic information systems (GIS) for managing living quality improvement in informal settlements. Data capture options are then explored with emphasis on the potential of imagery derived from low-cost digital aerial imagery. Developments towards automatically generating two- and three-dimensional settlement models from this imagery using remote sensing and digital image analysis techniques are outlined. We conclude with an examination of the integration of visualization technologies in IDE and their role in the dissemination of spatial (and other) information for urban planning.
 

Masuoka, P.; T. Foresman; S. Fifer; W. Acevedo; S. Clark; J. Crawford; J. Buchanan, (1995). Visualization techniques for the analysis of Baltimore regional GIS data. GIS/LIS *95 Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems/Land Information Systems Nashville, TN, USA 14-16 Nov. 1995 Bethesda, MD, USA American Soc. Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing & American Congress on Surveying & Mapping, pp.704-12 vol.2.
Keywords: Cartography; Colour graphics; Data analysis; Data visualisation; History; Remote sensing; Topography (Earth); Town and country planning; Data visualization techniques; Baltimore regional GIS data analysis; Census data; Satellite images; Baltimore-Washington corridor; Historical changes; Urban patterns; Rural patterns; Population density; Land cover; Digital elevation models; Vector data; Roads; Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery; pci easi/pace; erdas; Arc/Info; Contour maps; Color shaded relief maps; Perspective images; Urbanization ; Geometrical distortion
Original abstract: The University of Maryland is participating in a joint research project to assemble a GIS consisting of maps, census data and satellite images of the Baltimore, MD, USA area from the 1700s to the present. The GIS will eventually be expanded to include a 2 degrees -by-2 degrees region that encompasses the Baltimore-Washington corridor. The GIS will allow researchers to study historical changes in urban and rural patterns, population density and land cover. This paper describes preliminary work being done to test various ways to visualize the data in preparation for the completed GIS. Data sources include 1:100,000 and 1:250,000 scale digital elevation (DE) models, vector data of roads and urban land cover, and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery. The software used to visualize the data included PCI*s EASI/PACE, ERDAS and Arc/Info. Various images were tested as a background for displaying the GIS data including: DE images, contour maps, shaded relief maps, color shaded relief maps, perspective images, and 6) Landsat TM images. Both TM and DE images provided a visually pleasing portrayal of the data. TM images have the advantage of providing a large amount of information about the area and a sense of the ultimate extent of the urbanization. DE images provided a simpler background that might be more appropriate if a less distracting background is desired. Perspective scenes were found to give a natural view that is more readily understood than traditional 2D map formats. However, perspective images necessarily distort the map which may give a false impression of more urban growth in the foreground than in the background.
 

Mathieu-Marni, S.; P. Leymarie; M. Berthod, (1995). Removing ambiguities in a multispectral image classification. 1995 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS '95. Quantitative Remote Sensing for Science and Applications (Cat. No.95CH35770) Firenze, Italy 10-14 July 1995
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.1918-20 vol.3.
Keywords: Forestry; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image classification; Optical information processing; Geophysical measurement technique; Land use; Terrain mapping; Vegetation mapping; Forest; Optical imaging; Visible infrared satellite remote sensing; Ambiguity removal; Multispectral image classification; Classified satellite image; Label mistake; Maximum likehood method; Vineyard; Agriculture; Urban zone; Bare soil; Planted pines ; Tree density
Original abstract: This article deals with the processing of already classified satellite images according to land use in order to remove ambiguities, i.e. mistakes in labels. Those images have already been classified with the maximum likehood method but some classes are not correctly determined. For the elimination of ambiguities in this kind of class, the authors applied their method of determination of land use mixture in pixels. They first briefly review their method of determination of land use mixture. Then they explain how they deal with ambiguities in labels of the maximum likehood classification. They finish with three examples of satellite images that have not correctly been classified. The first one is the vineyard case. Another example for bare soil and urban zone. The last one is a forestry survey application, the determination of the planted pines density.
 

Maupin, P.; P. Le Quere; R. Desjardins; M. C. Mouchot; B. St-Onge; B. Solaiman, (1997). Contribution of mathematical morphology and fuzzy logic to the detection of spatial change in an urbanized area: towards a greater integration of image and geographical information systems. IGARSS'97. 1997 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Remote Sensing - A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development (Cat. No.97CH36042) Singapore 3-8 Aug. 1997
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.207-9 vol.1.
Keywords: Fuzzy logic; Geographic information systems; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image processing; Image sequences; Mathematical morphology; Remote sensing; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Image sequence; gis; Geographic information system; Change detection; Spatial change; Urban area; Urbanized area; Geographical information system; Topology ; Grey scale image
Original abstract: This paper presents a new approach to spatial change detection. It emphasizes the use of topology for the comprehension of grey scale images, through mathematical morphology and fuzzy logic. In conclusion, issues to the problem of change detection and integration of images into GIS are proposed.
 

Mausel, P.; D. LeBoutillier; Indiana. Dept. of Transportation; Indiana State University. Dept. of Geography and Geology (1994). Evaluation of SPOT and Landsat TM data to update DLG and TIGER-delineated transportation features and development of land cover patterns for INDOT application (HPR 2069). Terre Haute Ind., Indiana State University Dept. of Geography and Geology.
 

Mayer, S., (2000). Extraction of tree groups from high-resolution digital surface models. Proceedings 2000 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. No.00CH37101) Proceedings of 7th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing Vancouver, BC, Canada 10-13 Sept. 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.712-15 vol.2.
Keywords: Edge detection; Feature extraction; Forestry; Interpolation; Terrain mapping; Tree groups; High-resolution digital surface models; dsm; Spectral reflectances; Remote sensing information processing; Image processing tasks; Object extraction; Preliminary above-ground-model; Nonground points; Object heights ; Contouring algorithm
Original abstract: Digital surface models (DSMs) represent a complementary data source to images based on spectral reflectances in remote sensing information processing. Especially high resolution DSMs (sub-meter scale) offer a level of detail sufficient for most forest interpretation tasks. One major drawback in DSM data is the inherent union of object and terrain height. This aggravates image processing tasks like object extraction. It is the aim of this paper to overcome this drawback and solve the problem of extracting borders of tree groups as well as their heights above the ground on the basis of a DSMs of forested areas. The presented approach can be subdivided as follows: first the original DSM is normalized to a preliminary above-ground-model by comparing all pixels to a minimum value in their neighborhood. Non-ground points are identified by thresholding this model. The ground elevation of the non-ground regions is interpolated based on the elevation of the pixels neighboring these regions. Subtracting the resulting DTM from the original DSM yields precise object heights. Finally, a contouring algorithm is applied to retrieve the borders of the tree groups.
 

McCormack, E.; T. Nyerges (1997). What transportation modeling needs from a GIS: A conceptual framework. Transportation Planning and Technology, V21, (N1-2): 5-23.
Keywords:
 
 

McKeown, D. M. J.; S. D. Cochran; S. J. Ford; J. C. McGlone; J. A. Shufelt; D. A. Yocum (1999). Fusion of HYDICE hyperspectral data with panchromatic imagery for cartographic feature extraction. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, V37, (N3): 1261-1277.
Keywords: feature extraction , HYDICE sensor system, hyperspectral analysis
Original Abstract: Research at the Digital Mapping Laboratory has focused on the automated analysis of aerial imagery for cartographic feature extraction. However, it has long been the authors' belief that optimal performance in cartographic feature extraction can be obtained only by the combination, or fusion, of feature extraction systems which use differing information sources and processing methods. This paper describes experiments on the pairwise fusion of cartographic feature extraction systems; surface material maps obtained from the classification of hyper-spectral imagery, digital elevation models derived from stereo panchromatic imagery, and three-dimensional (3D) building hypotheses generated from single panchromatic images. Fusion experiments were performed on three test areas and detailed evaluations conducted. The results showed that using surface material or stereo information to focus processing of the building extraction system led to significantly better overall performance and runtimes. Utilizing building hypotheses to refine material classification showed mixed results, due partially to residual registration errors.
 

Meister, G.; W. Lucht; A. Rothkirch; H. Spitzer, (1999). Large scale multispectral BRDF of an urban area. IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293) Hamburg, Germany 28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.821-3 vol.2.
Keywords: Image resolution; Remote sensing; Large scale multispectral BRDF; Urban area; Nuremberg; Germany; Spatial resolution; Nadir; Retrosolar direction; 3-D surface structure ; Shadow casting
Original abstract: This paper presents BRDF data of an urban area, assuming a pixel size of about 750 m*750 m. It is derived from multispectral scanner data acquired over Nuremberg, Germany, with a small spatial resolution (pixel size 2.1 m*2.1 m) by averaging over several 1000 lines of scanned data. The data show a clear decrease of reflectance across the nadir as distance from the retrosolar direction increases. This behaviour is created by the 3-D surface structure of an urban scene and the associated shadow casting.
 

Meister, G.; A. Rothkirch; R. Wiemker; J. Bienlein; H. Spitzer, (1998). Modeling the directional reflectance (BRDF) of a corrugated roof and experimental verification. IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174) Seattle, WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.1487-9 vol.3.
Keywords: Geophysical techniques; Light scattering; Remote sensing; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Building roof; Specular peak; Urban area; Optical imaging; Directional reflectance; Model; Corrugated roof; Experimental verification; brdf; Bidirectional reflectance distribution function ; Corrugated tile
Original abstract: Remotely sensed images with a pixel size of about 1 m can nowadays be acquired by airborne scanners and in the near future also by high resolution satellites. With such a high spatial resolution, remotely sensed data of urban areas can resolve structures like a roof into the different surface segments with different inclinations, e.g. in the case of a gabled roof. The authors have measured the BRDF (bidirectional reflectance distribution function) effects thoroughly on a roof covered with corrugated (sinusoidally shaped) roof tiles and on a sample of flat roof tiles. They modeled the shape of the corrugated tiles by a cosine function and assumed that every infinitesimal surface patch of the roof tile has a BRDF proportional to the BRDF of the flat roof tile. Model results and measurements agree well. The most critical parameters are the ratio height over wavelength of the sinusoidal roof tiles and the intensity of the specular peak of the surface patch. It is possible to retrieve these parameters from the measurements.
 

Mekuria, M., (1995). Application of GIS/GPS to solve ISTEA management in a state highway department. GIS/LIS *95 Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems/Land Information Systems Nashville, TN, USA 14-16 Nov. 1995
Bethesda, MD, USA American Soc. Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing & American Congress on Surveying & Mapping, pp.730-9 vol.2.
Keywords: cad; Cartography; Data analysis; Engineering graphics; Geographic information systems; Global Positioning System; Government data processing; Integrated software; Law administration; Legislation; Relational databases; Transportation; Computer-aided drafting and design; ISTEA management; State government; Geographical information systems; Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act; State agencies; Transportation infrastructure; Spatial data; Attribute data; CADD graphics; Spatial analysis techniques ; Massachusetts Highway Department
Original abstract: The use of GISs (geographical information systems) and GPS (the Global Positioning System) is rapidly growing in state and local government. As ISTEA (the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act) mandates all state agencies to have a coordinated program to tackle the transportation infrastructure issues, the search for solutions has increasingly pointed to GIS technology. The sophistication of GISs to solve complex transportation problems is increasing every day. A GIS needs spatial and attribute data to analyze and display results. The merging of CADD graphics, relational databases and spatial analysis techniques is the focus of this paper. This paper details GIS/GPS efforts at the Massachusetts Highway Department.
 

Meloy, J. H.; J. L. Kurtz, (1999). Ultra-wideband radar evaluation environment for automatic target detection/recognition algorithms. Radar Sensor Technology IV Orlando, FL, USA 8 April 1999
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.106-12.
Keywords: Image recognition; Military radar; Programming environments; Radar computing; Radar detection; Radar imaging; Radar target recognition; Synthetic aperture radar; Ultra-wideband radar evaluation environment; Automatic target detection; Recognition algorithms; Obscured targets; Evaluation environment; Coherent algorithm approach; University of Florida; Software environment ; UWB SAR ATD/R algorithms
Original abstract: Ultra-wideband (UWB) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a promising new technology that has the potential for detecting and recognizing targets obscured by foliage or buried beneath the ground. The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is conducting a significant research effort in automatic target detection/recognition (ATD/R) algorithms for UWB SAR. The goal of the current ATD/R algorithm research effort is to develop a baseline algorithm approach to accompany newly developed UWB SAR hardware into near-term technology demonstration programs. To accomplish this goal, ARL has assembled a team of researchers from within ARL and from several universities, having expertise in radar, electromagnetics, signal processing and target recognition. Many new and promising ideas currently are being exploited. An evaluation environment was needed to support the integration of those ideas into a coherent algorithm approach. The University of Florida, as part of this project with ARL, has developed a software environment for the development, integration and evaluation of UWB SAR ATD/R algorithms. This paper describes the software environment that serves as the vehicle for integrating the efforts of the various algorithm researchers by providing a set of standards and tools that will enable the various algorithms to be hosted on the same computer system, access a common database, and be evaluated in various combinations against a statistically significant quantity of field-collected data.
 

Merchant, D. C.
Topo Photo, Inc.
3894 Chevington Rd.
Columbus, Ohio 43220-4719
Airborne GPS-Photogrammetry for Transportation Systems
ASPRS
http://wwwsgi.ursus.maine.edu/gisweb/spatdb/acsm/ac94045.html
 
 

Meric, S.; G. Chassay; O. Bechu; T. Tenoux (1998). Propagation prediction calculation used for SAR imaging urban area. Electronics Letters, 34, (11): 1147-9.
Keywords: Backscatter; Radar computing; Radar cross-sections; Radar imaging; Radiowave propagation; Remote sensing by radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Propagation prediction calculation; SAR imaging; Urban area; SAR processing simulator; Propagation prediction software; Backscattered signal; xsiradif; sisar ; rcs
Original Abstract: An SAR (synthetic aperture radar) processing simulator is used to obtain images of an urban area. The performances of a propagation prediction software are linked with the capabilities of the SAR simulator to calculate the backscattered signal from an urban area and to establish the related SAR image.
 

Mesev, V. (1997). Remote sensing of urban systems: hierarchical integration with GIS. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 21, (3-4): 175-87.
Keywords: Data handling; Geographic information systems; Remote sensing; Town and country planning; Visual databases; Urban systems; gis; Geographical information systems; Spatial data handling; Database updating; Data repetition; Errors; Hierarchically levelled schema; Data unity; Measurement conformity; Positional integrity; Statistical relationships; Classification compatibility; Land cover; Land use ; Spatial resolution
Original Abstract: In an age of unprecedented data proliferation, the closer integration of remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS) has assumed greater urgency for the handling of disparate, yet complimentary spatial data. At best, RS-GIS integration can facilitate extended inventories, greater analytical flexibility, rapid database updating, and broader potential applications. However, at worst, RS-GIS integration may cause data repetition, compounded errors, analytical complexity, and unfocused objectives. To ensure more successful integration, this paper formalizes a hierarchically levelled schema for the careful and structured deliberation of all necessary steps. At the top of the hierarchy are the issues of data unity, measurement conformity, positional integrity, statistical relationships, classification compatibility, and overall integration design. Each of these, and others throughout the hierarchy, are then more fully examined with reference to specific urban problems such as the land cover/use dichotomy, spatial resolution, and links between urban structure and function.
 

Miller, H. J. (1999). Potential contributions of spatial analysis to geographic information systems for transportation (GIS-T). Geographical Analysis, V31, (N4): 373-399.
Keywords:
 
 

Miller, H. J.; J. D. Storm (1996). Geographic information system design for network equilibrium-based travel demand models. Transportation Research Part C (Emerging Technologies), 4C, (6): 373-89.
Keywords: Data handling; Geographic information systems; Road traffic; Spatial data structures; Traffic engineering computing; Transportation; Visual databases; Geographic information system; Network equilibrium; Travel demand models; Trip generation; Trip distribution; Modal split; Network assignment; Multimodal transportation network; Database integrity ; User interfaces
Original Abstract: Travel demand modeling faces two obstacles. First, standard practice solves the four travel components (trip generation, trip distribution, modal split and network assignment) in a sequential manner. This can result in inconsistencies and non-convergence. Second, the data required are often complex and difficult to manage. Recent advances in formal methods for network equilibrium-based travel demand modeling and computational platforms for spatial data handling can overcome these obstacles. In this paper we report on the development of a prototype geographic information system (GIS) design to support network equilibrium-based travel demand models. The GIS design has several key features including: 1) realistic representation of the multimodal transportation network, 2) increased likelihood of database integrity after updates, 3) effective user interfaces, and 4) efficient implementation of network equilibrium solution algorithms.
 

Miller, H. J.; J. D. Storm; M. Bowen, (1995). GIS design for multimodal network analysis. GIS/LIS *95 Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems/Land Information Systems Nashville, TN, USA 14-16 Nov. 1995
Bethesda, MD, USA American Soc. Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing & American Congress on Surveying & Mapping, pp.750-9 vol.2.
Keywords: Data integrity; Geographic information systems; Town and country planning; Transportation; Visual databases; Geographic information system; Simultaneous transportation equilibrium model; gis-stem; Multimodal network analysis; Travel demand modeling; Data management; Nonconvergence; Error propagation; Database design; Database consistency; Near-continuous data updating; Data accessibility; Graphic display; Urban-scale model; Complex functional dependencies ; Database life-span
Original abstract: A research team in the Department of Geography and the DIGIT (Digitally Integrated Geographic Information Technologies) Laboratory at the University of Utah is developing a GIS-based simultaneous transportation equilibrium model (GIS-STEM). This addresses two obstacles to travel demand modeling. First, the formal model simultaneously solves the four components of a travel demand analysis, eliminating the potential inconsistencies, nonconvergence and error propagation inherent in the traditional sequential strategy. Second, an innovative multimodal network database design maximizes the likelihood of database consistency after updating. This complements the ability of a GIS platform to provide efficient data management, data accessibility and graphic display of model results. This paper describes the multimodal network design in the GIS-STEM. The data required for an urban-scale, multimodal network model can be formidable. In addition, the presence of complex functional dependencies in a multimodal transportation network can result in database inconsistencies after updates. This can be critical: the dynamic nature of the urban transportation environment virtually ensures near-continuous data updating over the expected database life-span. Also, this life-span is likely to encompass many years. Ensuring data consistency over the database life-span is a major motivation behind the multimodal network design used in our GIS-based transportation model, although the design has other conceptual and practical advantages as well.
 

Miller, H. J.; W. Yi-Hwa (2000). GIS software for measuring space-time accessibility in transportation planning and analysis. GeoInformatica, 4, (2): 141-59.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Town and country planning; Transportation; GIS software; Space-time accessibility measures; Transportation planning; Transportation analysis; Intelligent transportation system; Locations; Travel velocities; Daily activity schedules; Urban-scale transportation networks; ArcInfo-linked software system; Windows NT; Sun Solaris; Project management tools ; User-friendly interfaces
Original Abstract: Transportation systems exist to improve individual accessibility. However, emerging applications of GIS in transportation (GIS-T) and intelligent transportation system (ITS) focus on throughput (the amount of system flow) rather than accessibility. Throughput is related but not equivalent to accessibility. Sensitive transportation planning requires rigorous, realistic and tractable accessibility measures. This paper reports on the development of GIS software that implement space-time accessibility measures (STAMs). The STAMs reflect the benefits that individuals receive from the transportation system. They are easily interpreted, particularly with respect to changes in accessibility. The STAMs also consider the locations and travel velocities dictated by the transportation system as well as individuals' daily activity schedules. Tractable computational procedures allow calculation of the STAMs for detailed, urban-scale transportation networks. A prototype ArcInfo(R)-linked software system that runs on Windows NT(R) or Sun Solaris(R) platform implements the STAMs with user-friendly interfaces and project management tools.
 

Miller, H. J.; W. Yi-Hwa; H. Ming-Chih, (1999). GIS-based dynamic traffic congestion modeling to support time-critical logistics. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences. 1999. HICSS-32. Abstracts and CD-ROM of Full Papers Proceedings of HICSS 32 - 32nd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences Maui, HI, USA 5-8 Jan. 1999
Los Alamitos, CA, USA IEEE Comput. Soc, pp.9 pp.
Keywords: Data visualisation; Decision support systems; Geographic information systems; Goods dispatch data processing; Graphical user interfaces; Logistics data processing; Traffic information systems; Transportation; Visual databases; GIS-based dynamic traffic congestion modeling; Time-critical logistics; Time-sensitive procurement activities; Time-sensitive processing activities; Time-sensitive distribution activities; Transportation networks; GIS-based decision support system; Shortest path routing; Network flow prediction; Temporal resolutions; Departure time; Shipment destination reaching; Database management capabilities; Cartographic visualization; Network disruptions ; What-if scenarios
Original abstract: Time-critical logistics (TCL) refer to time-sensitive procurement, processing and distribution activities. A confounding factor is the transportation networks that contain these logistic systems. This paper reports on a GIS-based decision support system for dynamic congestion modeling and shortest path routing in TCL. The system predicts network flow at detailed temporal resolutions and solves for the combined departure time and shortest path required for a shipment to reach its destination by a given deadline. The GIS provides effective decision support through its database management capabilities, graphical user interfaces and cartographic visualization. This supports analyses of "what-if?" scenarios regarding network disruptions.
 

Miller, R. M. P., (1996). GIS foundation for advanced modeling and decision support. GIS/LIS'96 Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems/Land Information Systems Denver, CO, USA 19-21 Nov. 1996 Bethesda, MD, USA American Society for Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, pp.445.
Keywords: Data visualisation; Decision support systems; Digital simulation; Geographic information systems; Real-time systems; Remote sensing; Town and country planning; City of Scottsdale; Advanced decision support system; City modeling; Modeling; Simulation; Visualization; Vis/Sim software ; Real time system
Original abstract: The City of Scottsdale has begun development of an advanced decision support system. The goal of the system is to increase communication and understanding of citizens and City staff by projecting and simulating decisions far into the future. The defined decision support system will allow a template for application development of many existing City modeling capabilities to include water, sewer, storm water, transportation, landuse, etc. The system utilizes many existing and emerging technologies, to include remote sensing, group decision support, and modeling-simulation-visualization. This paper emphasizes the modeling-visualization-simulation component. The proposed visualization system will provide a template which will allow for the integration of GIS information and modeling outputs into current Vis/Sim software for fully interactive, real time access and visualization of existing models and data.
 

Mittal, M. L.; V. K. Singh; R. Krishnan; V. B. Subhadra, (1999). An efficient and fast compression technique for multispectral browse images. IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293) Hamburg, Germany 28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.1177-9 vol.2.
Keywords: Data compression; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image coding; Multidimensional signal processing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Optical imaging; Multispectral remote sensing; Image compression; Fast compression technique; Multispectral browse image; irs; liss; Visual inspection; Visual quality; jpeg; Wavelet based Set Partitioning In Hierarchical Trees; spiht; Independent bands; rgb-yuv-spiht; klt-spiht; Urban area ; Hilly area
Original abstract: A study has been carried out to select a suitable and an efficient compression technique for IRS-LISS browse images. As browsing is mainly for visual inspection of imageries for checking area coverage of interest and cloud cover, more emphasis has been given on visual quality of image. So transformations like RGB-YUV and YUV-RGB coupled with compression have also been considered. Various compression techniques like JPEG, Wavelet based Set Partitioning In Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) technique on Independent bands, KLT-SPIHT, RGB-YUV-SPIHT have been considered. The experiment has been done on a urban area image as well as on a hilly area image. Various results are tabulated and plotted.
 

Moller-Jensen, L. (1997). Classification of urban land cover based on expert systems, object models and texture. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 21, (3-4): 291-302.
Keywords: Cartography; Expert systems; Geography; Image classification; Image resolution; Image texture; Remote sensing; Urban land cover classification; Object models; Texture-based image processing methods; Intelligent systems; Mapping; Digital satellite imagery; Spectrally heterogenous land-cover classes; Image spatial resolution; Generic spatial model; Subordinate object classes ; Co-occurrence matrix value prediction
Original Abstract: The application of intelligent systems within the field of remote sensing is reviewed with special reference to urban land cover mapping from digital satellite imagery. Urban areas constitute spectrally heterogenous land-cover classes and call for the application of intelligent, texture-based image processing methods. The appearance of an urban land-cover class in a digital image generated by remote sensing is closely related to the spatial resolution of the image, i.e. significant changes occur as a result of increased/decreased spatial resolution. This paper discuss how texture information may be derived automatically from a generic spatial model of a possibly composite urban land cover class describing basic properties of the subordinate object classes and the spatial relations between these. A method based on prediction of co-occurrence matrix values corresponding to an urban land-cover class at a specific spatial resolution is described.
 

Moons, T.; D. Frere; J. Vandekerckhove; L. Van Gool, (1998). Automatic modelling and 3D reconstruction of urban house roofs from high-resolution aerial imagery. Computer Vision - ECCV'98. 5th European Conference on Computer Vision. Freiburg, Germany 2-6 June 1998
Berlin, Germany Springer-Verlag, pp.410-25 vol.1.
Keywords: Computational geometry; Computer vision; Constraint theory; Feature extraction; Image colour analysis; Image reconstruction; Image resolution; Image segmentation; Topology; Town and country planning; Automatic modelling; 3D reconstruction; Urban house roofs; High-resolution aerial imagery; Urban planning; 3D city models; Europe; Polyhedral model; Model fitting; Topology extraction; Metric reconstruction; Colour-based segmentation; Constraints; Brussels ; State-of-the-art dataset
Original abstract: Many tasks in modern urban planning require 3-dimensional (3D) spatial information, preferably in the form of 3D city models. Constructing such models requires automatic methods for reliable 3D building reconstruction. House roofs encountered in residential areas in European cities exhibit a wide variety in their shapes. This limits the use of predefined roof models for their reconstruction. The strategy put forward is, first, to construct a polyhedral model of the roof structure, which captures the topology of the roof, but which might not be very accurate in a metric sense; and then, in a second step, to improve the metric accuracy by fitting this model to the data. This decoupling of topology extraction from metric reconstruction allows a more efficient roof modelling involving less criteria. And, restricting the processing, at all stages, to one or just a few roof structures, by using a colour-based segmentation of the images, allows us to use constraints that are not very tight. The approach has been tested on a state-of-the-art dataset of aerial images of residential areas in Brussels.
 

Morrison, J. L.; United States. Dept. of Transportation. Research and Special Programs Administration; Ohio. Dept. of Transportation; Ohio State University. Center for Mapping; Ohio State University. Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science; Ohio State University. Dept. of Statistics (2000). Workshop on applications of remotely sensed data to transportation : 12-13 August 1999, Columbus, Ohio. Columbus Ohio, Ohio State University.
 

Morshed, A. H., (2000). Laser altimetry and its application in geographic scanning. Proceedings of the Seventeenth National Radio Science Conference. 17th NRSC'2000 (IEEE Cat. No.00EX396) Proceedings of the Seventeenth National Radio Science Conference. 17th NRSC'2000 Minufiya, Egypt 22-24 Feb. 2000
Minufiya, Egypt Minufiya Univ, pp.D4/1-5.
Keywords: Geography; Optical radar; Radar altimetry; Remote sensing by laser beam; Terrain mapping; Topography (Earth); Laser altimetry; Geographic scanning; Laser pulse generation; Topographical features; Ground surface; High resolution delay measurements; Coverage; Target surface; High resolution intensity measurements; Returned echo signal; Global positioning; Navigation guidance; Position; Pointing attitude; Echo signal measurements; Position referencing; Pulsed laser altimeter; Urban studies ; Environmental studies
Original abstract: Laser altimetry is a technique whereby reflections of a laser beam are used to measure the altitude of an aircraft above the ground based on a round trip delay measurement. With current improvements in short laser pulse generation and high resolution time and amplitude measurements, the same technique is now used to measure topographical features of the ground surface. In addition to surface elevations obtained from high resolution delay measurements, information on the nature of coverage of a target surface can be obtained from high resolution intensity measurements of the returned echo signal. In this technique, global positioning and navigation guidance are needed to provide reference on the position and pointing attitude of the measuring equipment. Both aspects of the altimeter system, namely, echo signal measurements and position referencing, determine the accuracy and resolution of the technique. This paper reviews the principles and basic aspects of a pulsed laser altimeter, and discusses the utilization of data provided by laser altimetry in geographic scanning for urban and environmental studies.
 

Muller, H. J., (1998). Characterization of radar clutter by gamma induced distributions. IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174) Seattle, WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.1216-18 vol.3.
Keywords: Backscatter; Gamma distribution; Geophysical techniques; Radar clutter; Radar cross-sections; Radar theory; Remote sensing by radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Radar remote sensing; Radar scattering; Rough surface; Gamma induced distribution; Weak scattering regime; Statistical properties; KO-distribution; GO-distribution; Model; sar; Urban area; Multilook G-distribution; Three joint distributions ; Gamma-distributed complex speckle
Original abstract: In the weak scattering regime the statistical properties of terrain backscatter data observed with satellite and airborne synthetic aperture radars differ from Gaussian statistics the higher the resolution, the lower the looknumber and the stronger the texture are. The recently presented and discussed G-distribution is a most suitable candidate to cover up the wide range of homogeneous, heterogeneous and extremely heterogeneous radar clutter, which under limiting conditions converges to Gaussian. The G-distribution contains as particular cases the isotropic (=zero mean) KO-distribution and the GO-distribution, the last of which is able to model very heavy backscatter such as that of urban areas. In this paper are given reasons that the multilook G-distribution is based on three joint distributions from the Gamma family. The gamma-distributed complex speckle is conditionally multiplied with the gamma-distributed regular part of radar returns and the widely dispersed part of returns, which is inverse-gamma-distributed. The mixing of gamma and inverted gamma generates the generalized inverse Gaussian distribution. If the radar data are normalized the G-distribution is completely determined by the shape parameter alpha and the concentration parameter omega . Both parameters can be estimated by the method of moments in an unbiased way.
 

Muller, H. J., (1997). Modeling of extremely heterogeneous radar backscatter. IGARSS'97. 1997 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Remote Sensing - A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development (Cat. No.97CH36042) Singapore 3-8 Aug. 1997
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.1603-5 vol.4.
Keywords: Backscatter; Electromagnetic wave scattering; Geophysical techniques; Radar cross-sections; Radar theory; Remote sensing by radar; Speckle; Synthetic aperture radar; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Radar remote sensing; sar; Radar scattering; Extremely heterogeneous radar backscatter; G-distribution; Model; Statistical properties; Multi-look processed SAR; Terrain class; Probability density function; Generalized inverse Gaussian distribution; Compound Poisson process; K-distribution; G/sup 0/-distribution ; Urban area
Original abstract: A new class of G-distributions has been proposed to characterize the statistical properties of multi-look processed SAR data over the wide range of homogeneous, heterogeneous and extremely heterogeneous backscattering of terrain classes. The probability density function was derived as a product of a gamma distributed complex speckle variable and the generalized inverse Gaussian distribution for terrain backscatter. The latter is the outcome of a compound Poisson process which describes statistically the underlying physical scattering process. A particular case of the G-distribution is the K-distribution. Another limiting case is the called here G/sup 0/-distribution, which is able to model extremely heterogeneous clutter, such as that of urban areas, that cannot be properly modeled with K-distribution. As the G-distribution is scaleable it can be standardized by normalizing the SAR data with the mean intensity. The other two parameters, which are responsible for shape and spread of the distribution, are estimated by the method of moments where the negative moments are generated by inverse transformation of the normalized SAR data.
 

Murakami, H.; K. Nakagawa; H. Hasegawa; T. Shibata; E. Iwanami (1999). Change detection of buildings using an airborne laser scanner. Isprs Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, V54, (N2-3): 148-152.
Keywords: airborne laser scanning , feature extraction
Synopsis: Compares DSM data collected at different time periods to detect building changes.
Original Abstract: This study employed an airborne laser scanner to detect changes of buildings by acquiring a digital surface model (DSM) data of urban areas. Simple comparison between DSM data sets acquired at different occasions successfully detected building changes without omission errors. A CCD array image simultaneously acquired with the DSM data was also automatically orthorectified with the DSM data and indicated to help revise the building database efficiently.
 

Murni, A.; D. Hardianto; S. Nurbaya, (1999). The use of remote sensing techniques and expert system in regional planning. IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293) Hamburg, Germany 28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.619-21 vol.1.
Keywords: Expert systems; Geographic information systems; Geography; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Town and country planning; Technique; Expert system; Regional planning; Land use; Multistage data analysis; Land attribute map; Geographic information system; gis; Natural resource accessibility; Environment quality; Labor population; Economic growth; Market accessibility; Economic conditions; Region development ; Geography computing
Original abstract: Multistage remote sensing data analysis produces land attribute maps which are stored as layers in a geographic information system. In regional planning, the identification of potential regions could not be assessed by only using the land attribute maps. It is also important to include other constraints such as the natural resource accessibility, environment quality, labor population and mobility, economic growth, market accessibility, and the participation of government, private agencies and local people. This paper presents the use of expert systems in the assessment of the quality of environment, social and economic conditions. The types of constraint are further used with the land attributes to evaluate the types of region development.
 

Naor, E., (1999). SPACE BASED REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS AND THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
CASE STUDY OF THE DESIGN OF THE OAKLAND AIRPORT ROADWAY. A National Forum on Remote Sensing Applications to Transportation, May 11-12, 1999, Washington DC http://scitech.dot.gov/reeng/sensmsrm/rmtsense/present/part2/naorpaper.doc,

Nebert, D., (1999). Discovery of Relevant Geospatial Data for Transportation Applications. A National Forum On Remote Sensing Applications to Transportation, May 11-12, 1999, Washington DC http://scitech.dot.gov/reeng/sensmsrm/rmtsense/sbrsagnd.html,

Neffendorf, H.; B. Ramsey; N. Walker, (1999). Address matching and geocoding for major surveys. Europe's Leading Geographic Information Conference. Proceedings AGI Conference. Improving Access to Better Information Proceedings of Geographical and Spital Information Management London, UK 28-30 Sept. 1999
London, UK Assoc. Geogr. Inf. & Miller Freeman, pp.5/1/1-4.
Keywords: Data acquisition; Geographic information systems; Public administration; Transportation; Address matching; Geocoding; Software system; Department of the Environment Transport and the Regions; detr; London Area Transport Survey; Travel addresses; gis; Data source integration; Gazetteers; Map data; Learning capability; Manual resolution; Field data capture ; Contextual resolution
Original abstract: This paper describes a software system that is being developed for the Department of the Environment Transport and the Regions (DETR), for the major 2001 London Area Transport Survey (LATS). Travel addresses exhibit some of the most challenging problems of automated address matching and geocoding. The system is significant in GIS terms. First, it integrates a very wide range of data sources, from well-known address and geocode data files, to commercial gazetteers and map data. Second, the system has a learning capability, improving its knowledge of addresses with each batch of data and each application. Third, GIS methods are used to support manual resolution of the most difficult addresses. Finally, the system is designed to be part of a quality chain that begins with automated gazetteer support of field data capture, and includes contextual resolution of difficult addresses.
 

Nelson, B. N.; P. D. Gader; J. M. Keller, (1999). Fuzzy set information fusion in landmine detection. Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets IV Orlando, FL, USA 5-9 April 1999
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.1168-78.
Keywords: Buried object detection; Expert systems; Feature extraction; Fuzzy set theory; Image classification; Inference mechanisms; Military radar; Radar detection; Radar imaging; Radar target recognition; Sensor fusion; Land mine detection; Fuzzy set information fusion; Ground penetrating radar sensor data; Multiple automatic target recognition algorithms; Spatially correlated output; Feature set; Mamdani style fuzzy inference systems; Mine confidence value; Target classification; Calibration mine lanes ; Vehicle mounted mine detection
Original abstract: A robust method of performing information fusion in processing ground penetrating radar (GPR) sensor data in landmine detection will be described. The method involves running multiple automatic target recognition algorithms (ATRs) in parallel on the GPR data. The outputs from each of the ATRs are spatially correlated and a feature set for each potential radar target is automatically generated. The feature set is provided as input to Mamdani style fuzzy inference systems. The fuzzy inference systems' output is a mine confidence value. The major advantage of this technique is that it provides consistent mine detection performance independent of road type, GPR hardware settings, and ATR setup parameters. This paper will first describe the individual ATRs and the process of spatially correlating target reports and generating a feature set. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy inference system used for target classification. The paper will conclude with test result from various Fort A.P. Hill calibration mine lanes.
 

Nichol, J. E. (1998). Visualisation of urban surface temperatures derived from satellite images. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 19, (9): 1639-49.
Keywords: Atmospheric boundary layer; Atmospheric techniques; Atmospheric temperature; Remote sensing; Land surface; Urban atmosphere; Temperature; Measurement technique; Town; City; Boundary layer; Visualisation; Urban surface temperature; Satellite image; Model; Interpolation; ViSC; Two dimensional thermal image; gis; Vertical surface; Urban canyon; Sun angle; Building geometry; Buildings ; Nadir viewing angle
Original Abstract: A model for interpolating 2D thermal satellite data over a 3D urban surface is described, which combines the ViSC and GIS functions inherent in a modern GIS interface. Vertical surfaces are represented as spatial entities whose temperature attributes are determined from image data supplemented by field sampling in urban canyons. Thus a model representing the temperature of the complete urban surface is created, for which the viewpoint can be varied according to Sun angle and azimuth at the time of imaging and the viewing angle required by the user. Due to the close correspondence between surface and air temperature the model indicates micro-scale climatic variations due to variations in building geometry and surface materials which are not readily apparent from a two-dimensional perspective. It also illustrates the magnitude of systematic error introduced by the nadir viewing angle of satellite sensors.
 

Niemann, K. O.; D. Richardson; C. Dillabaugh, (2000). Multi resolution feature extraction: source data processing for the revision of map objects. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) IGARSS 2000. Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.630-2 vol.2.
Keywords: Cartography; Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Image processing; Multi resolution; Multiresolution method; Source data processing; Map revision; Map object; Temporal updating; Geomatics; Coastline; Coast; Contextual reference; Road; River ; Remote sensing
Original abstract: As a result of increased data access through development in interoperability, conventional and new users will expect to identify and acquire suitable datasets via an Internet environment. If the available data are not at a level of appropriate representation and information detail, users will expect appropriate tools with which to combine and transform it for their intended application. Thus effective methods for temporal updating, generalization, and visualization become more pressing for the geomatics community to resolve. The evolving and expanding user community will need better tools to transform and manipulate the geo-spatial data into a form that complies with standard as well as new application areas. This research paper addresses the first stage of processing and presents methods currently being developed for the feature extraction component. The objects selected for testing are hydrographic, transportation and coastline features as they form the foundation and contextual reference for many types of maps.
 

Niemeier, D. A.; M. K. Beard (1993). Gis and Transportation Planning - a Case Study. Computers Environment and Urban Systems, V17, (N1): 31-43.
Keywords:
 
 

Nishijima, M.; T. Watanabe, (1995). An automatic extraction approach of road information on the basis of recognition of character regions. Image Analysis Applications and Computer Graphics. Third International Computer Science Conference. ICSC*95. Proceedings Hong Kong 11-13 Dec. 1995
Berlin, Germany Springer-Verlag, pp.173-80.
Keywords: Cartography; Feature extraction; Geographic information systems; Image recognition; Image segmentation; Town and country planning; Automatic road information extraction approach; Character region recognition; Urban maps; Information services; Life-line management; City project planning ; Cooperative approach
Original abstract: The issue of the automatic extraction of road information from maps has been recognized as an effectual means to construct GISs (geographic information systems) and to support various kinds of information services, the management of our life-lines, the planning of city projects, and so on. Many researches have been reported with respect to this subject; however, it is not always easy to accomplish successfully because roads are, in general, overlapped and interrelated with other map components in a complicated way. In this paper, we propose an experimental approach to extract road information from urban maps. The characteristic in our approach is not to extract roads directly as in many traditional approaches, but to distinguish individual roads cooperatively on the basis of character region recognition. We not only mention the recognition method in our approach, but also discuss the recognition results of some experiments.
 

Nolin, A. W.; J. Dozier (1993). Estimating Snow Grain Size Using Aviris Data. Remote Sensing of Environment, V44, (N2-3): 231-238.
Keywords:
 
 

Noronha, V.; M. F. Goodchild (2000). Map accuracy and location expression in transportation - reality and prospects. Transportation Research Part C-Emerging Technologies, V8, (N1-6): 53-69.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: We were contracted to test a suite of proposed location messaging standards for the intelligent transportation systems (ITS) industry. We studied six different databases for the County of Santa Barbara, documented types and magnitudes of error, and examined the likely success of the proposed standards. This paper synthesizes the test results and identifies caveats for the user community as well as challenges to academia. We conclude that, first, current messaging proposals are inadequate, and superior methods are required to convey both location and a measure of confidence to the recipient. Second, there is a need to develop methods to correct map data geometrically, so that location is more accurately captured, stored and communicated, particularly in mission critical applications such as emergency servicing. To address this, we have developed methods for comparing maps and adjusting them in real time. Third, there must be standards for centerline map accuracy, that reflect the data models and functions associated with transportation.
 

Novak, J. P.; J. J. Korczak, (1998). A recursive unsupervised neural network approach to extract concepts from remote sensing images. Image and Signal Processing for Remote Sensing IV Barcelona, Spain 21-23 Sept. 1998
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.312-19.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Image classification; Image recognition; Image segmentation; Neural nets; Remote sensing; Unsupervised learning; Recursive unsupervised neural network approach; Remote sensing images; Mixed pixels; Clustering; Unsupervised neural network algorithm; Spectral data space; Recursive region aggregation method; Urban zone image; Segmentation; Concept extraction ; Spatial information
Original abstract: This paper describes a novel recursive and unsupervised learning method for extracting information from remote sensing images. Usually, the amount of data on these images is large, and the number of mixed pixels is important. Therefore, an unsupervised learning or clustering can be useful in the analysis of these data. An unsupervised neural network algorithm is used for initial segmentation of the spectral data space of remote sensing images. To discover concepts, a recursive region aggregation method is proposed. This method has been tested and validated with several remote sensing images. An urban zone image is used to illustrate this learning method which provides a way for fast and automatic segmentation of remote sensing images. In order to improve the efficiency of concept extraction some spatial information is incorporated into the aggregation procedure.
 

Nozue, N.; T. Shirotori
Transport Systems Development , Technological Development Department
Railway Technical Research Institute
Tokyo,Japan
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM
FOR PLANNING ROUTES CONSIDERING ECONOMIC
AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT USING REMOTE SENSING DATA
Railway Technical Research Institute
Tokyo,Japan
http://www.rtri.or.jp/infoce/wcrr97/E177/E177.html
Keywords: transport route selection, remote sensing
 
 

Nyerges, T. L.; R. Montejano; C. Oshiro; M. Dadswell (1997). Group-based geographic information systems for transportation improvement site selection. Transportation Research Part C (Emerging Technologies), 5C, (6): 349-69.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Group decision support systems; Town and country planning; Transportation; Group-based geographic information systems; Transportation improvement site selection; Transportation decision making; Societal trend; Public investment; Puget Sound Region; Washington State; Regional council; County government; Public-private coalition group; Decision task model; Information technology support; Requirement specification; Integrated information capabilities; Group support system ; Inter-organizational coalition decision
Original Abstract: Transportation improvement site selection exemplifies transportation decision making that is collaborative in nature and geographically based. Such decision-making is part of a broad societal trend toward shared and participatory discussions about public investment. Perspectives from three different transportation decision contexts in the Puget Sound Region of Washington State, a regional council, a county government and a public-private coalition group, are combined with a literature review to develop a decision task model that summarizes the need for information technology support during transportation improvement site selection. The task model guides the development of a decision support system requirement specification that outlines integrated information capabilities provided by geographic information system (GIS) and group support system (GSS) technologies. Together, GIS and GSS capabilities contribute to evolving group-based on the use of a prototype, group-based GIS called spatial group choice highlights the possibilities in an inter-organizational coalition decision context. The conclusions discuss needs for future technology developments and social-behavioral science studies on these developments.
 

Ober, G.; R. Tomasoni; F. Cella, (1997). Urban texture analysis. Applications of Digital Image Processing XX San Diego, CA, USA 30 July-1 Aug. 1997
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.2-8.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geography; Image classification; Image texture; Remote sensing; Urban texture analysis; Seismic vulnerability; Geometrical properties; Building blocks; Classification; Image processing; Roads; Buildings; Green area; Suburban areas; Homogeneous areas; Connected regions; Built pixels ; Sub-regions
Original abstract: The purpose of this work is the study of urban areas based on texture analysis that may improve urban investigation through remote sensing, dedicated to seismic vulnerability in correlation with the geometrical properties of building blocks and vulnerability data, taken from surveys. Most of the algorithms for urban classification in the image processing domain are based only on the use of spectral information, not taking into account the geometric characteristics given by the spatial distribution of roads, buildings and green areas on the image. The study of these local properties, as the texture, may enrich the available information on the image, providing a further information layer which may improve the differentiability among suburban areas originally belonging to homogeneous areas. In order to overcome those limitations, a new methodology, based on the analysis of connected regions, is studied. At first the image is thresholded in order to detect built pixels. Then these pixels are connected into sub-regions and these sub-regions are investigated to extract features.
 

Ogawa, Y.; K. Iwamura; S. Kakumoto (2000). Extracting object information from aerial images: a map-based approach. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, E83-D, (7): 1450-7.
Keywords: Cartography; Feature extraction; Geographic information systems; Image matching; Town and country planning; Object information extraction; Aerial images; Map based approach; Man-made objects; Buildings; Corresponding map; Object information estimation; Object model; Top-down model-driven analysis; Map updating; Missing buildings; Kobe City; Earthquake ; Map data
Original Abstract: We have developed a map based approach that enables us to efficiently extract information about man-made objects, such as buildings, from aerial images. An image is matched with a corresponding map in order to estimate the object information in the image (i.e., presence, location, shape, size, kind, and surroundings). This approach is characterized by using a figure contained in a map as an object model for a top-down (model-driven) analysis of an object in the aerial image. We determined the principal steps of the map based approach needed to extract object information and update a map. These steps were then applied to obtain the locations of missing buildings and the heights of existing buildings. The extraction results of experiments using aerial images of Kobe City (taken after the 1995 earthquake) show that the approach is effective for automatically extracting building information from aerial images and for rapidly updating map data.
 

Oka, S.; Y. Takefuji; W. Huang (2000). The third eye approach to innovative designs and applications into the 21st century: human recognition system by nonlinear oscillations. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 13, (5): 543-8.
Keywords: Face recognition; Feature extraction; Image sensors; Neural nets; Remote sensing; Face recognition system; Nonlinear oscillations; Sensor technology; Electromagnetic spectrum; Multi-spectral images; Neural network; Face feature extraction ; Human facial part detection
Original Abstract: The field of remote sensing and sensor technology has undergone tremendous development in the past decades. Sensor technologies of all kinds such as electro-optics, acoustic, active/passive UV to LWIR, ground-penetrating radar, passive mm wavelength, X-ray tomography, neutron activation imaging, multi-spectral, hyper-spectral, and ultra-spectral imaging, will provide valuable images that a normal CCD camera cannot offer. By combining algorithms and images taken by sensors at different part of the electromagnetic spectrum, we will be able to extract valuable images automatically. By using multi-spectral images and processing them with neural network computing, our "Third Eye" team is able to extract human face features from those images. We present an application for detecting human facial parts, images taken by different imaging systems and sensors, and the current status of image processing applications.
 

Okunieff, P., (1995). Spatial data standards for advanced public transportation systems-the APTS map and spatial database user requirements document. URISA Proceedings. Papers from the Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association Proceedings of 33rd Annual URISA Conference San Antonio, MN, USA 16-20 July 1995
Washington, DC, USA Urban & Regional Inf. Syst. Assoc, pp.558-65.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Public administration; Transportation; Travel industry; Visual databases; Advanced public transportation systems; APTS map; Spatial database; User requirements document; Advanced Public Transportation System; apts; Intelligent Transportation Systems; User services; Public transportation agencies ; Spatial data
Original abstract: Implementing an integrated Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS) requires that the interfaces between components be well defined. For components that require spatial data, the interface consists of two major elements: data and its location reference. Currently, many turnkey Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) User Services demonstrate their utility in isolation. These user services are not fully integrated with the traditional services provided by public transportation agencies, and consequently, do not require standard interfaces. However, greater benefit is realized from integrating these systems, and standards are necessary in order to achieve this benefit in a cost efficient manner. To this end, over the course of 20 months the ITS APTS Map and Spatial Database Working Group (MSDWG), composed of transit and GIS professionals, consultants, and software engineers developed a document defining and describing user requirements, including data and performance requirements for interfaces between major APT!S components. This paper describes the APTS Map and Spatial Database User Requirements and steps underway at the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) to recommend standards for sharing spatial data.
 

Oneill, W. A. (1991). Developing Optimal Transportation Analysis Zones Using Gis. Ite Journal-Institute of Transportation Engineers, V61, (N12): 33-36.
Keywords:
 
 

Onstott, R. G., (1998). Study of the polarization behavior of complex natural and man-made clutter at middle and grazing angles. IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174) Seattle, WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.2587-9 vol.5.
Keywords: Airborne radar; Atmospheric techniques; Backscatter; Meteorological radar; Radar clutter; Radar polarimetry; Remote sensing by radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Radar remote sensing; Radar scattering; Atmosphere; Urban area; Airport; Polarization; Complex natural scene; Man-made clutter; Grazing angle; Middle angle; sar; Metropolitan area; City; Town; Commercial aircraft; Weather radar ; Angular response
Original abstract: A special mapping mission using an aircraft synthetic aperture radar (SAR) was conducted at an airport near a large metropolitan area to characterize the clutter found in association with airports and surrounding areas. These data were obtained to support the building of a simulator for design of future generation radars which will operate from commercial aircraft to detect meteorological features. In addition, these data document the polarization and angular response behavior for a radar parameter region and clutter environment rarely studied. Polarization and angle response behaviors are linked to land use patterns, a topic of increasing importance for rapidly developing communities and countries with large land area.
 

Opitz, D.; M. Mangrich; J. Zeiler; S. Blundell, (2000). A comparison of feature extraction techniques in remotely sensed imagery. Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing. Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference Proceedings of International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing. ASC 2000 Banff, Alta, Canada 24-26 July 2000
Anaheim, CA, USA IASTED/ACTA Press, pp.116-20.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geographic information systems; Image classification; Learning by example; Remote sensing; Visual databases; Feature extraction techniques; Remotely sensed imagery; Object extraction; Spatial database; Image processing; Heads-up digitizing; Inductive learning; Algorithm training; Image subset; Hand classification ; Automatic classification
Original abstract: Features and objects must be extracted from remotely sensed images and placed into a spatial database before they can be effectively used by analysts in geographic information systems. The process of feature extraction and image classification is often performed via the tedious method of expert analysts explicitly identifying the interesting features by hand. Even when utilizing commercial image processing techniques, hand classification is prohibitively time consuming. This paper compares traditional heads-up digitizing with a proposed system that uses inductive learning. The inductive learning algorithm trains on a subset of an image that has been hand-classified, then automatically classifies the features in the remaining (unclassified) portion of the image. Results show our inductive learning process is 200 times faster than hand classification and 50 times faster than a combination of hand classification and commercial image processing. The increase in classification speed is accomplished without significant loss of accuracy.
 

Orlowski, C.; M. Borzestowski, (1997). Example of the integration of the knowledge base system with the GIS for the traffic. Inzynieria Wiedzy I Systemy Ekspertowe (Knowledge Engineering and Expert Systems) Inzynieria Wiedzy I Systemy Ekspertowe (Knowledge Engineering and Expert Systems) Wroclaw, Poland 10-12 June 1997
Wroclaw, Poland Oficyna Wydawnicza Politech. Wroclawskiej, pp.126-31 vol.2.
Keywords: Air pollution; Expert systems; Geographic information systems; Traffic engineering computing; Transportation; Knowledge-based system; gis; Traffic analysis; Cities; Automobile transportation; Local authorities; Strategic decisions ; monitoring
Original abstract: The authors present how expert systems and GIS were combined in the field of traffic analysis in cities with the emphasis on pollution problems. Today's world, in big cities, faces huge problems concerning air pollution as a result of automobile transportation and local authorities and environmental experts are looking for systems which could help them to make operational and strategic decisions. We present a traffic system which integrates expert systems and GIS to provide an application for traffic pollution monitoring and analysis.
 

O'Sullivan, D.; A. Morrison; J. Shearer (2000). Using desktop GIS for the investigation of accessibility by public transport: an isochrone approach. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 14, (1): 85-104.
Keywords: Cartography; Geographic information systems; Transportation; Travel industry; gis; Public transport; Isochrone approach; Geographical information systems; Accessibility measures; Space-time geography framework; Bus travel; Rail travel; Underground services ; Constrained accessibility map
Original Abstract: The application of existing desktop geographical information systems (GIS) to the assessment of accessibility by public transport has been investigated. Two approaches to the measurement of accessibility-aggregate accessibility measures and the space-time geography framework-are described. It is suggested that isochrones (lines of equal travel time) are a natural way to combine these approaches in a GIS setting. A desktop GIS application has been developed which can automatically generate isochrones for travel by public transport. The application successfully copes with the complexity of the public transport of a large city (Glasgow), comprising bus, rail, and underground services. Journeys may include an initial walk to a public transport stop, several interchanges between services of the same or different modes, and a final walk. Options provide for plotting isochrones for journeys by bus only or train only; and for exact or approximate isochrones, the latter generated more quickly. The application is described in some detail, and assessed. Sample outputs are presented, including an example involving further processing of isochrones to produce a constrained accessibility map, which demonstrates the generality of this approach.
 

Overman, C. H. I.; J. L. Kurtz, (1999). Ground penetrating radar processing in a dedicated graphical software environment. Radar Sensor Technology IV Orlando, FL, USA 8 April 1999
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.95-105.
Keywords: Graphical user interfaces; Radar computing; Radar imaging; Radar target recognition; Road vehicle radar; Software tools; Noninvasive analysis; Dedicated graphical software environment; Profile data analysis; Profile data interpretation; GPR processing software; Algorithms; Florida Department of Transportation; Geophysical anomalies recognition; Geophysical anomalies localization; Subsurface images; Ground penetrating radar processing; Antennas; Near-field artifacts; Subsurface image; Ground truth; University of Florida; GPR processing software tool; Graphical user interface; gui ; 100 MHz to 1 GHz
Original abstract: Ground penetrating radar (GPR) provides a method for non-invasive analysis of subsurface features. The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) currently uses GPR for locating anomalies ranging from buried utilities to voids and sinkholes. Antennas of 100 MHz to 1 GHz are typically used to allow various penetration depths and resolutions. The proximity of targets to the antenna causes certain near-field artifacts, which significantly distort received profile data and often cause interpretation of the subsurface image to be extremely difficult. Analysis, therefore, requires significant experience for moderately reliable recognition and association of profile characteristics to actual ground truth. The University of Florida, as part of a project for the FDOT, has developed a GPR processing software tool to provide enhanced GPR profiles for more accurate user interpretation. This paper describes the results attained from advanced signal processing techniques used to improve analysis and interpretation of the GPR profile data. It is anticipated that the GPR processing software and its algorithms will aid the FDOT in recognition and localization of geophysical anomalies through more informative subsurface images, while maintaining the desired non-invasive nature of GPR analysis methods.
 

Painho, M.; P. D. Antunes; F. Barata, (1996). Integrating urban comfort indicators with statistical reporting units. Geographical Information from Research to Application Through Cooperation. Second Joint European Conference and Exhibition Proceedings of Joint European Conference on Geographical Information Barcelona, Spain 27-29 March 1996
Amsterdam, Netherlands IOS Press, pp.712-20 vol.1.
Keywords: Biophysics; Demography; Environmental factors; Extrapolation; Geographic information systems; Socio-economic effects; Statistics; Town and country planning; Transportation; Urban comfort indicators; Statistical reporting units; Low-level statistical units; Socioeconomic variables; Census boundaries; Environmental indicators; Spatial distribution; Artificially-created statistical unit boundaries; Transport indicators; Suburban city; Lisbon Metropolitan Area; Vertical integration; Distance analysis; Environmental quality value; Statistical census unit; Biophysical variables ; Desktop mapping packages
Original abstract: The widespread use of GISs and the slow but ever-increasingly availability of low-level statistical units in a digital format makes it very interesting to be able to integrate the socio-economic variables collected for census purposes together with indicators (environmental and other) which normally and understandably exhibit a spatial distribution not conforming to the artificially-created statistical unit boundaries. In this paper, we describe the integration of information provided in statistical reporting units together with information provided by environmental, transport and other urban comfort indicators. The model, developed for a suburban city of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, uses vertical integration as well as distance analysis to assign, by extrapolation, an environmental quality value to every statistical census unit. This process allows one to perform analyses including both socio-economic and biophysical variables. The analysis is made simpler because, after the assignment is made, the comfort indicators distribute in space in the same way that the census variables do. This also allows the use of simple desktop mapping packages, as long as the census boundaries are available.
 

Painter, T. H.; D. A. Roberts; R. O. Green; J. Dozier (1998). The effect of grain size on spectral mixture analysis of snow-covered area from AVIRIS data. Remote Sensing of Environment, V65, (N3): 320-332.
Keywords: AVIRIS , spectral mixture analysis
Original Abstract: We developed a technique to improve spectral mixture analysis of snow-covered area in alpine regions through the use of multiple snow endmembers. Snow reflectance in near-infrared wavelengths is sensitive to snow grain size while in visible wavelengths it is relatively insensitive. Snow-covered alpine regions often exhibit large surface grain size gradients due to changes in aspect and elevation. The sensitivity of snow spectral reflectance to grain size translates these grain size gradients into spectral gradients. To spectrally characterize a snow-covered image domain with mixture analysis, the variable spectral nature of snow must be accounted for by use of multiple snow endmembers of varying grain size. We performed numerical simulations to demonstrate the sensitivity of mixture analysis to grain size for a range of sizes and snow fractions. From Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data collected over Mammoth Mountain, CA on 5 April 1994, a suite of snow image endmembers spanning the imaged region's grain size range were extracted. Mixture models with fixed vegetation, rock, and shade were applied with each snow endmember. For each pixel, the snow fraction estimated by the model with least mixing error (RMS) was chosen to produce an optimal map of subpixel snow-covered area. Results were verified with a high spatial resolution aerial photograph demonstrating equivalent accuracy. Analysis of fraction under/overflow and residuals confirmed mixture analysis sensitivity to grain size gradients.
 

Pairault, B.; B. Vaizan; C. Titin-Schnaider; D. Medynski, (1998). RAMSES interferometer: prospect for HR3DSAR. Proceedings of the PIERS Workshop on Advances in Radar Methods Proceedings of PIERS Baveno, Italy 20-22 July 1998
Brussels, Belgium Commision of Eur. Communities, pp.160-2.
Keywords: Interferometry; Radar polarimetry; Radar resolution; Remote sensing by radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Terrain mapping; RAMSES interferometer; hr3dsar; Topographic mapping; HH mode; 3D accuracy; High resolution mode; Urban areas; Polarimetry; Phase retrieval ; Phase unwrapping
Original abstract: For topographic mapping, the RAMSES interferometer in HH mode has provided good 3D accuracy. For high resolution mode and for urban areas many unwanted artefacts are currently being investigated. In this paper, the basic concepts of interferometry using polarimetry, in the context of our study, are presented for accurate phase retrieval. Next, in urban areas the problem of phase unwrapping is briefly introduced. These two steps are actually the main limitations of HR3DSAR so that interferometric studies have to be pursued.
 

Paola, J. D.; R. A. Schowengerdt (1995). A detailed comparison of backpropagation neural network and maximum-likelihood classifiers for urban land use classification. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 33, (4): 981-96.
Keywords: Backpropagation; Feedforward neural nets; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image classification; Maximum likelihood estimation; Optical information processing; Remote sensing; Geophysical measurement technique; Terrain mapping land surface; Optical imaging; Backpropagation neural network; Neural net; Maximum-likelihood classifier; Urban land use; Landsat Thematic Mapper; Tucson; Arizona; Oakland California; United States USA ; Mixed pixel classification error
Original Abstract: A detailed comparison of the backpropagation neural network and maximum-likelihood classifiers for urban land use classification is presented. Landsat Thematic Mapper images of Tucson, Arizona, and Oakland, California, were used for this comparison. For the Tucson image, the percentage of matching pixels in the two classification maps was only 64.5%, while for the Oakland image it was 83.3%. Although the test site accuracies of the two Tucson maps were similar, the map produced by the neural network was visually more accurate; this difference is explained by examining class regions and density plots in the decision space and the continuous likelihood values produced by both classifiers. For the Oakland scene, the two maps were visually and numerically similar, although the neural network was superior in suppression of mixed pixel classification errors. From this analysis, the authors conclude that the neural network is more robust to training site heterogeneity and the use of class labels for land use that are mixtures of land cover spectral signatures. The differences between the two algorithms may be viewed, in part, as the differences between nonparametric (neural network) and parametric (maximum-likelihood) classifiers. Computationally, the backpropagation neural network is at a serious disadvantage to maximum-likelihood, taking nearly an order of magnitude more computing time when implemented on a serial workstation.
 

Paola, J. D.; R. A. Schowengerdt, (1995). Searching for patterns in remote sensing image databases using neural networks. 1995 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS '95. Quantitative Remote Sensing for Science and Applications (Cat. No.95CH35770) Firenze, Italy 10-14 July 1995
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.443-5 vol.1.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geographic information systems; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Geophysics computing; Image classification; Neural nets; Pattern classification; Query formulation; Remote sensing; Visual databases; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Optical image; Visual database searching technique; Pattern search; Image database; Neural net; Neural network; Multispectral image classification; Training; Pattern selection; Dense urban area ; Landsat Thematic Mapper image
Original abstract: The authors have investigated a method, based on a successful neural network multispectral image classification system, of searching for single patterns in remote sensing databases. While defining the pattern to search for and the feature to be used for that search (spectral, spatial, temporal, etc.) is challenging, a more difficult task is selecting competing patterns to train against the desired pattern. Schemes for competing pattern selection, including random selection and human interpreted selection, are discussed in the context of an example detection of dense urban areas in Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery. When applying the search to multiple images, a simple normalization method can alleviate the problem of inconsistent image calibration. Another potential problem, that of highly compressed data, was found to have a minimal effect on the ability to detect the desired pattern. The neural network algorithm has been implemented using the PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) library and nearly-optimal speedups have been obtained that help alleviate the long process of searching through imagery.
 

Papaioannon, P.; S. Bashas; A. Kokkalis, (1997). Design of a Traffic Accident Management System (TAMS), for the Greek National Highway System, using GIS technology. Transportation Systems 1997. (TS'97). Proceedings volume from the 8th IFAC/IFIP/IFORS Symposium Proceedings of the 8th IFAC/IFIP/IFORS. Transportation Systems 1997 (3 vol.) Chania, Greece 16-18 June 1997
Oxford, UK Pergamon, pp.279-84 vol.1.
Keywords: Accidents; Geographic information systems; Road traffic; Safety; Traffic information systems; GIS based Traffic Accident Management System; Greek National Highway System; GIS technology; GIS based management system; Database design; System functions; Road networks; Management planning; Monitoring ; Decision makers
Original abstract: A GIS based management system for traffic accidents, is being presented, with the main emphasis on the database design. The system functions and the overall architecture have been approached at a first stage, providing an indication of what such a system might be. The system is appropriate for the General Secretariat of Public Works, its Regional Branches and other authorities connected with road networks. The benefits of such a system extend to operations, management planning and monitoring. What is really needed is maturation and determination from the decision makers to employ a GIS based Traffic Accident Management System-a system that will also be quite useful for other functions of the same Ministry as well.
 

Parafina, S., (1995). GIS based automated routing for solid waste collection. GIS/LIS *95 Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems/Land Information Systems Nashville, TN, USA 14-16 Nov. 1995
Bethesda, MD, USA American Soc. Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing & American Congress on Surveying & Mapping, pp.799-803 vol.2.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Query processing; Town and country planning; Transportation; Visual databases; Waste disposal; Solid waste collection; Solid waste routing; gis; Transcad GIS software; Staff; Solid Waste Services program; Routing network; Caliper Corporation; Design specification; Enterprise wide information system; Databases; Spatial queries ; Spatial analysis
Original abstract: The pilot program for solid waste services routing GIS is described. Using Transcad GIS software the routing staff of the City of Austin*s Solid Waste Services program is developing a routing network for solid waste collection. Caliper Corp. is modifying the 4* network algorithm for solid waste collection according to the design specifications of the routing staff. The GIS is part of an enterprise wide information system that will integrate many databases at multiple locations and allow solid waste employees to perform spatial queries and analysis.
 

Parcharidis, I.; L. M. Kazi-Tani, (2000). Landsat TM and ERS data fusion: a statistical approach evaluation for four different methods. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2120-2 vol.5.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Remote sensing; Remote sensing by radar; Sensor fusion; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Multispectral remote sensing; Radar remote sensing; Data fusion; Landsat TM; ers; sar; Radar imaging; Statistical approach evaluation; Image combination; Multispectral image; SAR image; Data merging; Principal component analysis; Intensity hue saturation; Brovey method ; Multiplicative method
Original abstract: In recent years, as remote sensing imagery technology has developed, image combination from different sensors with different spatial and spectral resolutions, has become a significant technique in the field of digital remote sensing. This technique also termed data fusion or data merging is generally designed to enhance the spatial resolution of the multispectral images by combining them with high-resolution panchromatic or SAR images. Different methods have been developed to merge complementary digital data of the same area. This study try to evaluate statistically four up-to-date data merging techniques namely principal component analysis (PCA), Intensity-Hue-Saturation (IHS), Brovey and multiplicative between Landsat TM and radar SAR (ERS-1) images. Three statistical parameters have been utilized: correlation coefficient, mean and root mean square error (RMSE) in order to rank all these methods. The analysis reveals that the multiplicative method is the method distorting the least in both the original images. Paradoxically, multiplicative is the method distorting the most radar data, but the distortion is acceptable since it has a high correlation coefficient with radar data. Moreover, none of the three remaining methods have succeeded to merge Landsat TM as the multiplicative. PCA, MS and Brovey present almost the same results without significant differences.
 

Parma, V., (1995). Systems for centralized management and control of public transport service. Towards an Intelligent Transport System. Proceedings of the First World Congress on Applications of Transport Telematics and Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems Proceedings of the First World Congress on ATT & IVHS Paris, France 30 Nov.-3 Dec. 1994
London, UK Artech House, pp.2581-8 vol.5.
Keywords: Centralised control; Computerised monitoring; Geographic information systems; Global Positioning System; Land mobile radio; Public utilities; Road traffic; Traffic control; Transportation; Centralized control system; Public transport service; Project experiences; Radio mobile communications networks; Road vehicle monitoring; GPS-based vehicle location systems; Road traffic control ; Service management
Original abstract: The paper describes concepts, solutions and project experiences in application software of command and control centres applied to management and control of public transport needs. The technologies involved include geographic information systems, integration with radio mobile communications networks, and localization of vehicles equipped with GPS-based automatic vehicle location systems.
 

Pascolo, P.; C. A. Brebbia (1998). GIS Technologies and their Environmental Applications. First International Conference on Geographical Information Systems in the Next Millennium. GIS 98.
Keywords: Cartography; Data acquisition; Economics; Environmental science computing; Geographic information systems; Town and country planning; Transportation; Environmental management; Geographic information system; Economic development management; gis; Resource utilisation; Urban planning; Risk assessment; Pollution control ; Transport management systems
Original Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: environmental management; geographic information system applications; economic development management; data acquisition; and GIS technologies; resource utilisation; cartography; urban planning; risk assessment; pollution control; and transport management systems.
 

Pavia, D., (1995). GIS-based fleet management systems: economical analysis. GIS for Business: Discovering the Missing Piece in Your Business Strategy Proceedings of GIS for Business 95. Discover the Missing Piece in Your Business Strategy Madrid, Spain 20-23 Feb. 1995
Cambridge, UK GeoInformation Int, pp.226-9.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Transportation; GIS-based fleet management systems; Economical analysis; Urban bus fleets; Medium-sized town; Operating cost savings ; Fuel consumption
Original abstract: The qualitative benefits of the implantation of fleet management systems (FMS) to help the operation of urban bus fleets are well known (improvement of fleet control, better service to users, operation management optimisation). It is also an obvious field of effective use of GIS technology. However, from a business point of view, these benefits should be quantified, allowing the detailed economical analysis that managers need to justify the investment required. This paper presents such an analysis for a medium-sized town, detailing the investment needed to implant such a control system and the operating cost savings (equipment, personnel, fuel consumption) resulting in calculation of time to recover the investments made (payback).
 

Pearlman, R.; S. Scott, (1995). IVHS map database transfer standards: current status. Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. 1995 Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference Proceedings. 6th International VNIS. A Ride into the Future (Cat. No.95CH35776) Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. 1995 Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference Proceedings. 6th International VNIS. A Ride into the Future Seattle, WA, USA 30 July-2 Aug. 1995
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.368-73.
Keywords: Automated highways; Driver information systems; Electronic data interchange; Geographic information systems; ISO standards; Navigation; Spatial data structures; Standardisation; IVHS map database transfer standards; Current status; Intelligent transportation systems; Navigation systems; Navigable map data transfer; Transfer standards; cen; International Standards Organization; iso; IVHS map data ; International map database standards
Original abstract: As intelligent transportation systems, particularly navigation systems, achieve commercial deployment, the efficient and effective transfer of navigable map data is becoming an increasingly important issue. After several years of significant efforts in the area of transfer standards, a family of compatible standards is evolving which will serve national and international requirements well. The de facto international transfer standard for navigable map data is the Geographic Data File (GDF) developed by the Comite Europeen Normalisation (CEN, a pan-European standardization body). CEN GDF is currently under a period of extensive revisions and refinements in response to international requirements. There are also several national standards for map transfer, which are moving towards compatibility with the international version of GDF. It is anticipated that the International Standards Organization (ISO) version of GDF will form the foundation for a single international family of transfer standards for IVHS map data. The authors are active participants in national and international map database standards efforts, and recently moderated a workshop on developing an IVHS profile for the Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS). The workshop concluded that ISO GDF should be the basic structure for the IVHS profile for SDTS. This paper reports on the results of that workshop and discusses the current progress in ISO TC 204 on further refining GDF as the ISO standard for map database transfer.
 

Penaloza, M.; R. Welch; R. Feind, (2000). Feature set reduction using a fuzzy expert system. Proceedings of the ISCA 15th International Conference Computers and Their Applications Proceedings of CATA-2000. 15th International Conference on Computers and their Applications New Orleans, LA, USA 29-31 March 2000
Cary, NC, USA Int. Soc. Comput. & Their Appl.- ISCA, pp.249-52.
Keywords: Correlation methods; Expert systems; Feature extraction; Fuzzy set theory; Geophysical signal processing; Image classification; Image texture; Remote sensing; Spectral analysis; Feature set reduction; Fuzzy expert system; Spectral features; Textural features; Satellite scene; Computation time; Scene classification; Correlation analysis; Feature selection; Polar scenes; Divergence metric ; Classification accuracy
Original abstract: Hundreds of spectral and textural features can be extracted from a satellite scene. It is important to reduce this set to reduce the computation time and for incrementing the accuracy of the classification of these scenes. This study examines the combination of correlation analysis and fuzzy expert system for feature selection in polar scenes. Features selected using correlation analysis produce higher accuracy than the features selected using the divergence metric. The main advantage of the fuzzy expert system is that, in a feature selection process, it can be used to generate a smaller feature set than other methods without sacrificing classification accuracy. The reduction in the number of features results in a reduction of classifying times of the fuzzy expert system used for the feature selection process.
 

Penido, L. R.; H. J. H. Kux; J. T. Mattos, (1998). Remote sensing and GIS techniques applied to highway planning: case study ring road project (RODOANEL) surrounding Sao Paulo metropolitan region, Brazil. IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174) Seattle, WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.2574-6 vol.5.
Keywords: Civil engineering; Geographic information systems; Geophysical techniques; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Town and country planning; Satellite remote sensing; Optical image; Visible; Infrared image; IR image; gis; Multispectral remote sensing; Highway planning; Road construction; Planning; Ring road project; rodoanel; Sao Paulo; Brazil; Rodoanel highway; dersa; Land cover; Landsat ; Land use
Original abstract: This study presents a remote sensing and GIS application to analyze the ground appropriateness to locate and construct the Rodoanel highway, a ring road surrounding the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region (SPMR). This study was made in close cooperation with the Sao Paulo State Department of Roads (DERSA). It corresponds to section 1 of Rodoanel, whose construction will start in 1998. This Road Department provided documents with several alternative locations for the Rodoanel, which is presently the most important highway construction project in Brazil. To evaluate the aptness of this area for huge civil engineering works, the authors made a map of land cover units using TM-Landsat (bands 1,4,7), which was associated to maps of slopes and geomorphology in a GIS environment.
 

Perkins, S. J.; J. Theiler; S. P. Brumby; N. R. Harvey; R. B. Porter; J. J. Szymanski; J. J. Bloch, (2000). GENIE: a hybrid genetic algorithm for feature classification in multispectral images. Applications and Science of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Evolutionary Computation III San Diego, CA, USA 31 July-1 Aug. 2000
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.52-62.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Genetic algorithms; Image classification; Learning (artificial intelligence); Learning systems; genie; Hybrid genetic algorithm; Feature classification; Multispectral images; Pixel classification; Supervised learning; Supervised classification; Spatial neighborhood information; Spatio-spectral features; Hybrid learning system; Image processing ; High-resolution IKONOS data
Original abstract: We consider the problem of pixel-by-pixel classification of a multispectral image using supervised learning. Conventional supervised classification techniques such as maximum likelihood classification and less conventional ones such as neural networks, typically base such classifications solely on the spectral components of each pixel. It is easy to see why: the color of a pixel provides a nice, bounded, fixed dimensional space in which these classifiers work well. It is often the case however, that spectral information alone is not sufficient to correctly classify a pixel. Maybe spatial neighborhood information is required as well. Or maybe the raw spectral components do not themselves make for easy classification, but some arithmetic combination of them would. In either of these cases we have the problem of selecting suitable spatial, spectral or spatio-spectral features that allow the classifier to do its job well. The number of all possible such features is extremely large. How can we select a suitable subset? We have developed GENIE, a hybrid learning system that combines a genetic algorithm that searches a space of image processing operations for a set that can produce suitable feature planes, and a more conventional classifier which uses those feature planes to output a final classification. We show that the use of a hybrid GA provides significant advantages over using either a GA alone or more conventional classification methods alone. We present results using high-resolution IKONOS data, looking for regions of burned forest and for roads.
 

Pesaresi, M., (1999). Textural classification of very high-resolution satellite imagery: Empirical estimation of the interaction between window size and detection accuracy in urban environment. Proceedings 1999 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. 99CH36348) (ICIP'99) Kobe, Japan 24-28 Oct. 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, v.vol.1, pp.114-18.
Keywords: Textural-based classification Image classification, Very-high resolution satellite imagery, Urban analysis,Textural window size, Detection accuracy, Small textural patch detection
Original abstract: In the framework of the textural-based classification of very-high resolution satellite imagery for urban analysis applications, the paper presents an exploration of the interaction between textural window size and standard statistical classification output quality. In contrast to the common approach that assumes a generically decreasing accuracy function for increasing textural window size, a non-intuitive result of this work is the demonstration of the possibility of obtaining high classification performance with very wide-area textural windows. Another interesting result is the observation that small textural patches in the image can also be detected with relatively very large textural windows.
 

Pesaresi, M.; J. A. Benediktsson (2001). A new approach for the morphological segmentation of high-resolution satellite imagery. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, V39, (N2): 309-20.
Keywords: Image segmentation , High-resolution satellite imagery
Original Abstract: A new segmentation method based on the morphological characteristic of connected components in images is proposed. Theoretical definitions of morphological leveling and morphological spectrum are used in the formal definition of a morphological characteristic. In multiscale segmentation, this characteristic is formalized through the derivative of the morphological profile. Multiscale segmentation is particularly well suited for complex image scenes such as aerial or fine resolution satellite images, where very thin, enveloped and/or nested regions must be retained. The proposed method performs well in the presence of both low radiometric contrast and relatively low spatial resolution. Those factors may produce a textural effect, a border effect, and ambiguity in the object/background distinction. Segmentation examples for satellite images are given.
 

Pesaresi, M.; J. A. Benediktsson, (2000). Classification of urban high-resolution satellite imagery using morphological and neural approaches. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, v.vol.7, pp.3066-8.
Keywords: Feature extraction , Image classification, Neural nets, Panchromatic high resolution data, Multispectral method, Neural network
Original abstract: Classification of panchromatic high resolution data from urban areas using morphological and neural approaches is investigated. The proposed approach is in three steps. First, the composition of geodesic opening and closing operations of different sizes is used in order to build a morphological profile. Although, the original panchromatic data only has one feature, the use of the composition operations will give many additional features which may contain redundancies. Therefore, feature extraction based on discriminant analysis is applied in the second step. Thirdly, a neural network is used to classify the features. The proposed method is particularly well suited for complex image scenes such as aerial or fine-resolution satellite images, where very thin, enveloped and/or nested regions have to be retained. It performs well in the presence of both low radiometric contrast and relative low spatial resolution, which are factors that may produce a textural effect, a border effect, and ambiguity in the object/background distinction.
 

Pesaresi, M.; I. Kanellopoulos, (1998). A robust automatic recognition system of man-made areas using morphological segmentation and very high resolution remotely sensed data. Image and Signal Processing for Remote Sensing IV Barcelona, Spain 21-23 Sept. 1998
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.268-77.
Keywords: Image classification; Image resolution; Multilayer perceptrons; Robust automatic recognition system; Very high resolution remotely sensed data; Segment based segmentation procedure ; Multi-layer perceptron neural network classifier
Original abstract: Imagery from the new generation very high-resolution sensors, will increase dramatically the geometric scene resolution but it will also decrease the accuracy. For urban applications in particular, with the spatial properties of the new sensors it will be possible to recognize not only a generic texture window with specific urban characteristics, but also to detect in detail the objects that constitute the "urban theme". In this paper a segment based segmentation procedure is presented, based on the gray-scale geodesic morphological transformation and has been successfully utilized to detect built-up objects using only the 5 m spatial resolution panchromatic data of the IRS1-C satellite. The imagery is subsequently classified on a segment basis using a multi-layer perceptron neural network classifier.
 

Petrakos, M.; I. Kannelopoulos; J. A. Benediktsson; M. Pesaresi, (2000). The effect of correlation on the accuracy of the combined classifier in decision level fusion. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2623-5 vol.6.
Keywords: Image classification; Sensor fusion; Image processing; Data fusion; Combined classifier ; Decision level fusion
Original abstract: Recently, decision level fusion has shown to have great potential to increase classification accuracy beyond the point reached by an individual classifier alone. There is a considerable body of literature about identifying optimal ways to combine classifiers; however, the selection of the classifiers to be combined is equally, if not more, crucial if an improvement is to be made. Agreement among classifiers can inhibit the gains obtained regardless of the method used to combine them. In this work the authors are assessing the level of agreement between different classifiers used in remote sensing using statistical measures. A study is performed in which an image is classified with several methods with different degrees of agreement between them. The results are then combined using decision fusion schemes and the increase of accuracy is observed.
 

Pieper, D. (1996). GIS benefits long-range facilities planning. GIS World, 9, (11): 58-60.
Keywords: Computer aided facilities layout; Geographic information systems; Government data processing; Planning; Road traffic; Geographic information system; Long-range facilities planning; Sherburne County Highway Department; Investment; Additional facilities; Financial resources; Building location; Building size; Building architecture; Transportation costs; Customers proximity; Supplier proximity; Company facilities proximity; Geographic concerns; Competitive concerns; Political concerns; Government agencies; Decision-making; Public service levels; Tax spending; MN Sherburne County, USA; Population growth ; Orr-Schelen-Mayeron & Associates
Original Abstract: The decision to invest in a new facility isn't a simple one. In addition to securing financial resources, corporations must make decisions regarding a building's location, size and architecture; transportation costs; proximity to customers, suppliers and company facilities; and other geographic, competitive and political concerns. Government agencies and units often face the same decisions when pressured by the public to increase service levels. In many cases, additional facilities are required to meet existing needs or implement new programs. However, the same constituents are concerned that tax dollars are spent appropriately and that final decisions are unbiased. Sherburne County, MN, USA, recently faced such a situation. The county was experiencing rapid population growth that stretched its resources. Orr-Schelen-Mayeron & Associates used a GIS to help the Sherburne County Highway Department develop a long-range facilities plan to address these issues.
 

Pieraccini, M.; D. Tarchi; H. Rudolf; D. Leva; G. Luzi; C. Atzeni (2000). Interferometric radar for remote monitoring of building deformations. Electronics Letters, V36, (N6): 569-570.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: The authors propose an interferometric radar system for the remote monitoring of structural deformations in buildings. A continuous wave step frequency (CW-SF) radar is used to synthesise radar cross-section (RCS) holographic images. The monitoring radar has been experimentally validated during a structural static test of a concrete pedestrian bridge.
 

Pierce, L. E.; H. Xie; M. C. Dobson; F. T. Ulaby, (2000). Detecting cultural features in urban SAR images for wireless applications. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, v. vol.7, pp.2879-81.
Keywords: Automatic detection Urban SAR image, Image classification
Original abstract: This paper explores the use of L- and C-band SAR data for detecting cultural features in urban SAR images. The resulting map will be used in propagation models to assist in siting antennas for wireless communication. The research starts with the classification of a dataset of Dallas, Texas into several classes based on backscattering coefficient statistics, IFSAR-derived height variation and density of the buildings and vegetation. Further identifying major road networks, airports and malls is also extremely important due to the high usage of cellular phones in those areas. Because each has a very distinctive look in a SAR image, involving linear features with low backscattering intensities for roads, large open areas for runways and malls, and also a dense concentration of buildings (stores) for malls. These targets are amenable to automatic detection. The authors describe their efforts to classify each of these cultural features. This is then compared with the known locations in the area.
 

Pigeon, L.; B. Solaiman; T. Toutin; K. P. B. Thomson, (2000). 3D map features extraction from radar and visible remotely sensed image fusion. 13th International Conference on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications. MIKON - 2000. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.00EX428) 13th International Conference on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications. MIKON-2000 Wroclaw, Poland 22-24 May 2000
Warsaw, Poland Telecommun. Res. Inst
13th International Conference on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications., pp.661-4 vol.2.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Knowledge based systems; Radar imaging; Remote sensing by radar; Sensor fusion; Radar image; Remote sensing; Satellite image fusion; Mapping; 3D map feature extraction; Semi-automatic intelligent system; Strategies; Rules; Expert modeled knowledge; Aerial black and white photographs; Roads; Railroads; Energy transmission lines ; Rivers
Original abstract: This paper presents an overview of a satellite image fusion system for mapping applications. The map features to extract include roads, railroads, energy transmission lines and some types of rivers. Actually, the only data source used for their extraction is aerial black and white photographs. The objective here is to fuse multi-source and multi-type information in a semi-automatic intelligent system. The used information ranges from satellite images (visible and radar) to domain-based models and expert modeled knowledge, strategies and rules.
 

Pigeon, L.; B. Solaiman; T. Toutin; K. P. B. Thomson, (2000). Linear planimetric feature domains modeling for multisensor fusion in remote sensing. Sensor Fusion: Architectures, Algorithms, and Applications IV Orlando, FL, USA 25-28 April 2000
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.420-7.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Image classification; Image resolution; Knowledge based systems; Object recognition; Remote sensing; Sensor fusion; Stereo image processing; Linear planimetric feature domains modeling; Multisensor fusion; Multi-sensed data; Target recognition; Roads; Energy transmission lines; Railroads; Rivers; Visible type satellite sensors; SPOT Panchromatic; Landsat TM; Radar satellites; Radarsat fine mode; ers-1; Sensor resolutions; Decision space; 3D symbolic map; Coherent uniform system; Object-oriented approach; Radiometric feature; Geometric feature; Topologic feature; Sensor model; Image acquisition; Image definition; Stereo image; Classification information; Position; Accuracy; Reality object membership values ; Knowledge sources
Original abstract: The availability of multi-sensed data, especially in remote sensing, leads to new possibilities in the area of target recognition. In fact, the information contained in an individual sensor represents only one facet of the reality. The use of several sensors aims at covering different facets of real world objects. In this study, the targets to recognize are the planimetric features (i.e. roads, energy transmission lines, railroads and rivers). The sensors used are visible type satellite sensors (SPOT Panchromatic and Landsat TM) as well as radar satellites (Radarsat fine mode and ERS-1). Sensor resolutions range from 8 to 30 meters/pixel. In this study, the modeling is not limited, as it is generally the case, to the problem feature's reality, but to each sensor that will be used. Moreover, the decision space (here a 3D symbolic map) has to be modeled in the same way as the reality and sensors to lead to a coherent and uniform system. Each model is developed using an object-oriented approach. Each reality-object is defined through its radiometric, geometric and topologic feature. The sensor model objects are defined in accordance to image acquisition and definition, including the stereo image cases (for SPOT and Radarsat). Finally, the decision space objects define the resulting 3D symbolic map where, for instance, a pixel attributes contain classification information as well as position, accuracy, reality object's membership values, etc.
 

Pigeon, L.; B. Solaiman; T. Toutin; K. P. B. Thomson, (2000). Multi-agent architecture for map features extraction in multi remotely sensed image fusion. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2840-2 vol.7.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image classification; Multi-agent systems; Sensor fusion; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Image processing; Land surface; Remote sensing; Multi-agent architecture; Map features extraction; Cartography; Multi remotely sensed image fusion; Data fusion; Satellite image; Expert; Knowledge; Planimetric map feature ; Palmyra
Original abstract: The problem of map features extraction from satellite images requires the combination of several heterogeneous knowledge sources. These sources range from databased knowledge as well as the modeled expert's knowledge to the human expert interactions. The databased knowledge includes image filters and feature primitive extraction tools. The modeled expert's knowledge includes domain-based models (real, image and decision worlds), rules and strategies. The human expert interactions concern mainly the inputs of three-dimensional information and the validation processes. The global stream of information inferred by the previous knowledge sources should then be merged to lead to a single accurate decision, here the extraction and classification of map features. In order to keep as much independence and modularity as possible for each of the previous knowledge sources, a multi-agent architecture is developed. This paper presents this architecture in the context of a 3D linear planimetric map feature extraction and classification system (Palmyra).
 

Pihlak, M.; D. Jones; P. Serra; S. Loeftus; J. Anderson, (1996). 3-D and 4-D modeling from 2-D GIS: Maryland-National capital park and planning MNCPPC Montgomery County, Maryland, USA. Geographical Information from Research to Application Through Cooperation. Second Joint European Conference and Exhibition Proceedings of Joint European Conference on Geographical Information Barcelona, Spain 27-29 March 1996
Amsterdam, Netherlands IOS Press, pp.197-211 vol.1.
Keywords: Cartography; Data visualisation; Geographic information systems; Town and country planning; Transportation; Visual databases; 4D modeling; 3D modeling; 2d gis; Two dimensional geographic information system; Investment; ArcInfo; Hewlett-Packard Apollo; Mapping project; Visualization project; Regional landscape architectural fly-throughs; Movie making; Inter-County Connector; Three dimensional modelling ; Four dimensional modelling
Original abstract: Montgomery County, a suburb of the District of Columbia (DC) has made a major investment in ArcInfo on the Hewlett-Packard Apollo platform. The multimillion dollar mapping project is not yet complete. In an effort to illustrate the many beneficial spin-offs that can result from an application of this GIS data, a prototype visualization project was approved and funded at a start-up level. A controversial project was chosen to test the usefulness of constructing 3D models from the 2D data and then making a series of regional landscape architectural fly-throughs (4D). These models and movies were shown to a citizen advisory group to test the utility of movie making from the 2D GIS files. The Inter-County Connector (ICC) is a twenty year old approved masterplan 300' wide right of way for a transportation facility. The final product of this prototype project will be a 3D model and a series of short movies to be accessed within the county GIS system.
 

Priestnall, G., Jaafar, J., Duncan, A. (2000). Extracting urban features from LIDAR digital surface models. Computers, Environment, and Urban Systems, 24, (2): 65-78.
Keywords: LiDAR , feature extraction
Original Abstract: The use of airborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) technology offers rapid high resolution capture of surface elevation data suitable for a large range of applications. The representation of both the ground surface and the features on that surface necessitates the removal of these surface features if a ground surface Digital Elevation Model (DEM) product is to be produced. This paper examines methods for extracting surface features from a Digital Surface Model (DSM) produced by LiDAR. It is argued that for some applications the extracted surface feature layer can be of almost equal importance to the DEM. The example of flood inundation modelling is used to illustrate how a DEM and a surface roughness layer could be extracted from the original DSM. The potential for refining surface roughness estimates by classifying extracted surface features using both topographic and spectral characteristics is considered using an Artificial Neural Network to discriminate between buildings and trees.
 

Prieto, D. F.; L. Bruzzone; R. Cossu, (2000). A robust system for classification of remote sensing images. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) IGARSS 2000. Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.150-2 vol.1.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image classification; Learning (artificial intelligence); Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Robust system; Multitemporal images; Image sequence; Feature selection; Invariant behavior ; Incremental learning classifier
Original abstract: A novel system for the robust classification of multitemporal remote-sensing images is presented. The proposed system is aimed to perform efficiently on images acquired in a specific area of interest at different times also in the cases when the corresponding training set is not available. It relies on three main modules: two modules are devoted to the extraction and selection of features that exhibit a substantially invariant behavior versus the image acquisition date. The last module is an incremental learning classifier able to learn from different training sets as they become available.
 

Psaraftis, H. N. (1995). Dynamic vehicle routing: status and prospects. Annals of Operations Research, 61: 143-64.
Keywords: Automated highways; Distributive data processing; Electronic data interchange; Geographic information systems; Global Positioning System; Operations research; Reviews; Transportation; Vehicles; Dynamic vehicle routing problems; Static algorithms; Methodological approaches; Computer-based technologies; Global positioning systems ; Intelligent vehicle-highway systems
Original Abstract: Although most real-world vehicle routing problems are dynamic, the traditional methodological arsenal for this class of problems has been based on adaptations of static algorithms. Still, some important new methodological approaches have recently emerged. In addition, computer-based technologies such as electronic data interchange (EDI), geographic information systems (GIS), global positioning systems (GPS), and intelligent vehicle-highway systems (IVHS) have significantly enhanced the possibilities for efficient dynamic routing and have opened interesting directions for new research. This paper examines the main issues in this rapidly growing area, and surveys recent results and other advances. The assessment of possible impact of new technologies and the distinction of dynamic problems vis-a-vis their static counterparts are given emphasis.
 

Quattrochi, D. A.; M. K. Ridd (1994). Measurement and Analysis of Thermal Energy Responses from Discrete Urban Surfaces Using Remote Sensing Data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, V15, (N10): 1991-2022.
Keywords:
 
 

Quiroga, C. A. (2000). Performance measures and data requirements for congestion management systems. Transportation Research Part C (Emerging Technologies), 8C, (1-6): 287-306.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Global Positioning System; Traffic engineering computing; Transportation; User interfaces; Performance measures; Data requirements; Congestion management systems; Metropolitan areas; Transportation network; Travel time; Data attribute requirements ; Database schemas
Original Abstract: Many metropolitan areas have started programs to monitor the performance of their transportation network and to develop systems to measure and manage congestion. The paper presents a review of issues, procedures, and examples of application of geographic information system (GIS) technology to the development of congestion management systems (CMSs). The paper examines transportation network performance measures and discusses the benefit of using travel time as a robust, easy to understand performance measure. The paper addresses data needs and examines the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology for the collection of travel time and speed data. The paper also describes GIS platforms and sample user interfaces to process the data collected in the field, data attribute requirements and database schemas, and examples of application of GIS technology for the production of maps and tabular reports.
 

Raghunathan, B.; S. T. Acton, (2000). Content based retrieval for remotely sensed imagery. 4th IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation Proceedings 4th IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation Austin, TX, USA 2-4 April 2000
Los Alamitos, CA, USA IEEE Comput. Soc, pp.161-5.
Keywords: Content-based retrieval; Feature extraction; Filtering theory; Geophysical signal processing; Image resolution; Image segmentation; Image texture; Mathematical morphology; Pattern clustering; Remote sensing; Content based retrieval; Remotely sensed imagery; Segmentation; Gabor filters; Region extraction; Homogeneous texture; Filter responses; Multiscale clustering; Area morphological filters; Shape extraction; Textural features ; Similarity cues
Original abstract: We present a framework for content based retrieval (CBR) of remotely sensed imagery. The main focus of our research is the segmentation step in CBR. A bank of Gabor filters is used to extract regions of homogeneous texture. These filter responses are utilized in a multiscale clustering technique to yield the final segmentation. Novel area morphological filters are utilized for the purpose of scaling. The resultant segmentation yields regions that are homogeneous in terms of texture and are significant in terms of scale. These regions are used for the purpose of extracting shape and textural features (on a global and local basis) that provide important similarity cues in CBR of remotely sensed imagery. In comparison to solutions which use region merging, the segmentation from the texture/scale space does not require heuristic post-processing, nor knowledge of the number of significant regions.
 

Ralston, B. A. (2000). GIS and ITS traffic assignment: issues in dynamic user-optimal assignments. GeoInformatica, 4, (2): 231-43.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Knowledge based systems; Object-oriented programming; Optimisation; Real-time systems; Traffic control; Traffic information systems; Visual databases; ITS traffic assignment; Dynamic user-optimal assignments; Static user-optimal assignments; dta; ITS research; Intelligent transportation system; Real time route guidance; User-optimal dynamic traffic assignment; Assignment models; Network analysis functions; Commercial GIS packages; Custom software; Traffic control center; GIS database; Faster-than-real-time analysis; GIS software design; Spatial data handling; oop; Dynamic segmentation ; Time-sensitive ITS applications
Original Abstract: Dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) is at the heart of much ITS (intelligent transportation system) research. Assigning traffic, whether for planning purposes or for real time route guidance, is a difficult problem. Recent advances in user-optimal dynamic traffic assignment have built on the methods developed for static user-optimal assignments. Since assignment models are complex, they will not use many of the network analysis functions found in commercial GIS packages. Custom software will have to be developed. The author explores the problems faced in solving static and dynamic assignments and relates those problems to information that is likely to be based in a traffic control center's GIS database. Because of the size of the problem and the need for faster-than-real-time analysis, how and when data is transferred between a GIS to analysis modules is important. Further, many approaches for GIS software design and spatial data handling, such as OOP and dynamic segmentation, may impose too much overhead to be of much use in time-sensitive ITS applications.
 

Ranchin, T., (1999). Wavelets for modeling in remote sensing. Wavelet Applications in Signal and Image Processing VII Denver, CO, USA 19-23 July 1999
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.208-18.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Image recognition; Image representation; Image resolution; Remote sensing; Wavelet transforms; Earth phenomena; Multi-scale phenomena; Multiresolution approach; Representation; Vine detection; Streets extraction; Urban areas; Spatial resolution ; 2D intensity images
Original abstract: This paper addresses the problem of modeling of Earth phenomena from remotely sensed images. In the field of remote sensing, the observed phenomena are most often multi-scale phenomena such as the waves in oceans, the spatial organization of street networks in cities. For extracting information, or processing this kind of images, a multiresolution approach and modeling is often most powerful than classical approaches. We present some winning applications based on multiresolution models derived from the representation provided by multiresolution analysis and wavelet transforms (WT). After a short reminder of WT and an example of application to a remotely sensed image, three applications where modeling based on WT improves the quality of results are presented: vine detection, streets extraction in urban areas and improvement of the spatial resolution of remotely sensed images.
 

Rangsanseri, Y., (1999). A fuzzy clustering of multispectral images based on integrated spectral and spatial features. IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293) Hamburg, Germany 28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.1306-8 vol.2.
Keywords: Decorrelation; Fuzzy set theory; Geophysical signal processing; Image classification; Image texture; Karhunen-Loeve transforms; Matrix algebra; Pattern clustering; Principal component analysis; Remote sensing; Fuzzy clustering; Multispectral images; Integrated spectral/spatial features; Unsupervised classification; Pixel values; Texture analysis; Spectral decorrelation; Karhunen-Loeve transform; Principal component image; Gray-level co-occurrence matrices ; Urban area image
Original abstract: An unsupervised classification method in multispectral images based on a fuzzy clustering driven by integrated spectral and spatial features is presented. Spectral information can be obtained directly from pixel values in different frequency-band images, while spatial information can be extracted by mean of texture analysis. The images are spectrally decorrelated via the Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT). The resulting first principal component image is then exploited by applying the gray-level co-occurrence matrices. A fuzzy clustering approach is finally performed based on the features that combine both spectral and spatial information on the image. The results of applying the algorithm to an urban area image are illustrated.
 

Rao, K. M. L. (1996). Regional Network Planning and the Development of Rural Transportation Using Remote Sensing Techniques. International Journal of Remote Sensing, V17, (N17): 3453-3466.
Keywords:
 
 

Rao, K. M. L. (1994). Cost Analysis over Flight Line and Ground Line Alignments of Highway - Using Remote Sensing Technique. International Journal of Remote Sensing, V15, (N16): 3165-3171.
Keywords:
 
 

Rao, K. M. L.; M. A. Reddy; M. M. A. Khan (1993). Transportation Planning from Remote Sensing - a Case Study of the Tuni Region in Andhra-Pradesh, India. International Journal of Remote Sensing, V14, (N17): 3145-3155.
Keywords:
 
 

Rehfeld, J.; L. E. Sweeney, Jr., (1995). Applications of geographic databases in ITS operational tests. *Steps Forward'. Proceedings of the Second World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems *95 Yokohama Proceedings of 2nd World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems Yokohama, Japan 9-11 Nov. 1995
Tokyo, Japan Vehicle, Road & Traffic Intelligence Soc, pp.1646-51 vol.4.
Keywords: Automated highways; Cartography; Driver information systems; Geographic information systems; Testing; Visual databases; Geographic databases; Intelligent transportation systems; Field operational tests; Traveller information systems; Digital road maps; Fleet management systems ; Emergency notification systems
Original abstract: A large number of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) field operational tests (FOTs) are completed, underway or under development in the United States. Geographic databases play fundamental and critical roles in many of these FOTs, especially for those involving traveller information systems, fleet management systems, and emergency notification systems. This paper describes the types and characteristics of various geographic databases needed for ITS, and the requirements placed upon them by different ITS applications. Specific FOT examples are used to illustrate the database requirements for various ITS applications. The consequences of database imperfections in these various applications are also discussed.
 

Rehrauer, H.; M. Datcu, (2000). Using scale in content-based queries for spatial data. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2837-9 vol.7.
Keywords: Content-based retrieval; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image retrieval; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Content-based query; Image processing; Scale; Pattern recognition; Feature; Linkage; Image content; User-friendly language; Query tool; Training; Automatic scale selection ; Multi-scale stochastic model
Original abstract: Content-based retrieval from remote-sensing data requires the linkage of features describing signal properties with terms expressing image content in a user-friendly language. On the one hand we need general and powerful features that describe precisely the data properties. These must be signal-oriented free of any interpretation, so that the system can respond in an unbiased manner to a wide range of queries. On the other hand we have to provide the user of the retrieval system with a suitable query tool where he can express his needs in terms he is familiar with. To this end the authors use search terms that origin in the application domain of the user and a graphical tool where the user can give training regions in remote-sensing data. The difference to existing systems is that we explicitly use the scale as a query element. The user has the possibility to indicate the typical size of objects and structures he is looking for. Even for novice remote-sensing users the quantity scale is easy to specify for query terms like e.g. "crop field". In graphical queries using training regions the scale is either given by the user, or it is determined automatically from the training regions. Automatic scale selection is done using a multi-scale stochastic model.
 

Ridd, M. K.; J. J. Liu (1998). A comparison of four algorithms for change detection in an urban environment. Remote Sensing of Environment, V63, (N2): 95-100.
Keywords: Change detection
Original Abstract: Four digital change detection algorithms are applied to 1986 and 1990 Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images of a portion of the Salt Lake Valley area to determine the land-cover/land-use changes between the two dates. Image differencing and image regression are used with the six reflective TM bands to create 12 change images. A tassled cap transformation is also used to create three change images (change in brightness, greenness, and wetness). A new method¯¯a Chi square transformation¯¯is proposed and used with the six reflective bands to create a single band change image. A thresholding strategy is applied to the change images to separate the pixels of change from those of no change. Five hundred eighty-five samples are selected through a combination of stratified random sampling and systematic sampling procedure. Ground truth information on the sample sites is obtained from the interpretation of color aerial photo slides of the two dates. Three indices are used to assess the accuracies of the sixteen change images for land-cover/land-use change detection. The regression of TM Band 3 is found to be most accurate for detecting change vs. no change in all three indices, while the difference image of TM4 is found to be least accurate. The kind of change in land-cover/land-use is also examined. The results are compared and summarized. Changes involving construction sites and farmlands are found to be accurately detected by several change images.
 

Roche, P.; A. Levinsohn; T. Walker, (1995). Corporate data integration employing GIS at Alberta Transportation and Utilities. Ninth Annual Symposium on Geographic Information Systems in Natural Resources Management. Symposium Proceedings Proceedings Ninth Annual Symposium on Geographic Information Systems Vancouver, BC, Canada 27-30 March 1995
Fort Collins, CO, USA GIS World, pp.282-7 vol.1.
Keywords: cad; Client-server systems; Engineering workstations; Geographic information systems; Local area networks; Open systems; Planning; Public administration; Road traffic; Traffic information systems; Transportation; Corporate data integration; gis; Alberta Transportation and Utilities; Geographically based information system; Databases; Corporate network; Geographic interface; Geographic Information Management System; Transportation programs; Engineering design CAD workstation network; Administrative mapping system; Legacy systems; Traffic analysis; Transportation planning; Equipment management; PC-based client-server systems; Property records; Contracts management; Rural utilities; Business functions; Diverse technology environments ; Data access
Original abstract: Alberta Transportation and Utilities is implementing a new geographically based information system that links many of the Department's existing systems and databases into one corporate network, accessible through a geographic interface-the Geographic Information Management System (GIMS). The Department has been developing systems in support of its transportation programs for more than 20 years. Existing systems include: an extensive network of engineering design (CAD) workstations; an administrative mapping system; and legacy systems for traffic analysis, transportation planning, equipment management; and many other Department functions. Recently the Department has implemented several new PC-based client-server systems for property records, contracts management and rural utilities. In all there are approximately 200 databases and systems, operating in diverse technology environments, supporting over 400 business functions, in 15 geographic locations around the province. A major issue has been the integration of data and processes across these systems and providing integrated spatial and non-spatial data access for a broad range of users. GIMS provides a standard geographical interface to the Department's systems, and provide all Department users with access to mission critical data regardless of their geographic location. The GIMS development approach is the result of six month framework. Design study that identified immediate and long-term applications for GIS related technology within the Department. The framework has been defined in terms of a system architecture comprising three technical components: an Applications Architecture, a Data Architecture, and a Technology Architecture; and a Management Framework. The system architecture has been designed to accommodate both current and future needs and provides a means for migrating from the current to the target situation. GIMS is being implemented as a client-server application using an open systems architecture. GIMS Release 1 provides Department users with access to a wide range of engineering, administrative, and geographic data through a desk-top client GIS. The client GIS links a selected set of geographic features to existing engineering drawings in the Department's CAD systems and administrative data in tabular legacy databases.
 

Roger, R. E.; J. F. Arnold (1996). Reliably Estimating the Noise in Aviris Hyperspectral Images. International Journal of Remote Sensing, V17, (N10): 1951-1962.
Keywords: AVIRIS , hyperspectral analysis, noise estimation
 
 

Roger, R. E.; M. C. Cavenor (1996). Lossless Compression of Aviris Images. Ieee Transactions on Image Processing, V5, (N5): 713-719.
Keywords: AVIRIS , lossless compression, hyperspectral images
Original Abstract: Adaptive DPCM methods using linear prediction are described for the lossless compression of hyperspectral (224-band) images recorded by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). The methods have two stages-predictive decorrelation (which produces residuals) and residual encoding. Good predictors are described, whose performance closely approaches limits imposed by sensor noise. It is imperative that these predictors make use of the high spectral correlations between bands. The residuals are encoded using variable-length coding (VLC) methods, and compression is improved by using eight codebooks whose design depends on the sensor's noise characteristics. Rice (1979) coding has also been evaluated; it loses 0.02-0.05 b/pixel compression compared with better VLC methods but is much simpler and faster. Results for compressing ten AVIRIS images are reported.
 

Rogers, S., (2000). Creating and evaluating highly accurate maps with probe vehicles. ITSC2000. 2000 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems. Proceedings (Cat. No.00TH8493) 2000 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems. Proceedings Dearborn, MI, USA 1-3 Oct. 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.125-30.
Keywords: Cartography; Computerised navigation; Driver information systems; Geographic information systems; Global Positioning System; Mobile robots; Road vehicles; Safety systems; Probe vehicles; Accurate map creation; Accurate map evaluation; Safety; Navigation; Digital maps; Manual lane measurements; Global Positioning System receivers; gps; Differential corrections; Safety applications; Lanekeeping; Convenience applications; Lane-changing advice; Multiple position traces; Geographic information system; Geographic IS ; gis
Original abstract: Many advanced safety and navigation applications in vehicles require accurate, detailed digital maps, but manual lane measurements are expensive and time-consuming, making automated techniques desirable. This paper describes a system that refines and augments commercial digital maps using position traces that come from Global Positioning System receivers with differential corrections. The computed lane models enable safety applications, such as lanekeeping, and convenience applications, such as lane-changing advice. We also present a number of evaluation metrics for estimating the quality of the enhanced maps we generate. Multiple position traces are a powerful new source of data that enables cheap, automated methods of inducing lane models, as well as other geographic knowledge, like traffic signals and elevations, and potentially impacts any geographic information system with a need to relate to actual behavior.
 

Roper, J. J. (1996). Digital imagery promotes road project acceptance. GIS World, 9, (10): 58-60.
Keywords: cad; Civil engineering computing; Edge detection; Geographic information systems; Photography; Public administration; Transportation; Digital imagery; Road widening project; Project acceptance; State Road 60; Two-lane road; Four-lane divided highway; Florida Department of Transportation; Project Development and Environment Study; gis; Aerial photography; Edge matching; Seamless image; MicroStation Descartes; MicroStation CAD package; Transparent layers; Spatial data ; CAD views
Original Abstract: Although it's a beautiful drive, traffic fatalities are high along Florida's narrow State Road 60. Soon, the two-lane road will be widened to a four-lane divided highway, but before construction begins, the Florida Department of Transportation will complete a "Project Development and Environment Study" using a GIS to help minimize the effects of widening the road. Initially, aerial photography running 27 miles long by 8 miles wide was gathered, digitized and verified with conventional surveys. The team then edge-matched more than 40 different photos to create a seamless image of the entire corridor. Using MicroStation Descartes for the MicroStation CAD package, the team could examine the image under transparent layers of spatial data and various CAD views.
 

Rose, J. F. (1989). Spatial Interference in the Aviris Imaging Spectrometer. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, V55, (N9): 1339-1346.
Keywords: AVIRIS
 
 

Rosen, E. M.; E. Ayers; D. Bonn; K. D. Sherbondy; C. A. Amazeen, (2000). Analysis of Jaycor's forward-looking ground-penetrating radar data. Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets V Orlando, FL, USA 24-28 April 2000
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.1058-66.
Keywords: Buried object detection; Military radar; Radar antennas; Radar clutter; Radar imaging; Remote sensing by radar; Time-frequency analysis; Forward-looking ground-penetrating radar; Jaycor GPR system; Vehicular-mounted mine detection system; Mine discrimination; Antitank mines; Clutter statistics; Target statistics; Signal-to-clutter ratios; Hyperbolic dish; Horn antennas; Mine tracking ; Time-frequency response
Original abstract: To date, most of the vehicular-mounted mine detection systems employing ground-penetrating radar are down looking in the sense that the array of radar antennas is approximately 1-m forward of the vehicle and pointed straight down. Advantages of systems that are able to look forward of the vehicle by more than 10 m include the ability to make detections at greater stand-off distances and to use mulitpe looks at targets to discriminate mines from clutter. Data collected by Jaycor's forward-looking ground-penetrating radar (FLGPR) system provides a means by which these advantages can be assessed. In February 1999, Jaycor took its FLGPR to the antitank (AT) mine lanes at Socorro, New Mexico. Jaycor made several excursions over simulated roads that contained a mix of metal-and plastic-cased AT mines on the surface and buried up to 4 in. We describe Jaycor's FLGPR system and the data collection exercise it underwent at Socorro and then analyze raw GPR sensor data with an emphasis on comparing signal strengths reflected from mines with signals reflected in the absence of mines. With knowledge of the baseline, we compute target and clutter statistics, including signal-to-clutter ratios for various categories of mine types and mine depths. We then demonstrate the ability to track mine signatures in the data.
 

Roth, M. W. (1999). High-resolution interferometric synthetic aperture radar for Discoverer II. Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, 20, (3): 297-304.
Keywords: Military radar; Radar imaging; Radar resolution; Radiowave interferometry; Remote sensing by radar; Search radar; Spaceborne radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Terrain mapping; Discoverer II; High-resolution interferometric SAR; Digital terrain-elevation data; Space-based IFSAR mission; High-resolution terrain-mapping mode; Phase unwrapping; Baseline-tilt estimation; Motion contamination; Urban-area effects; Vegetation effects; Synchronization; Error minimization; Tactical targeting; Technology demonstration program; Surveillance; Battlefield preparation; SAR images ; Topographic mapping
Original Abstract: Requirements have recently emerged for high-resolution digital terrain-elevation data. Such data are required for critical applications such as intelligent preparation of the battlefield and precision engagement. The recent development of high-resolution interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IFSAR) has made meeting these requirements a possibility. Because studies have shown that a space-based IFSAR mission is feasible, a high-resolution terrain-mapping mode has been included as an important part of the Discoverer II Technology Demonstration Program. This article presents a survey of the current state of research for space-based high-resolution IFSAR. Research and development have focused on key technical challenges such as phase unwrapping, baseline-tilt estimation, motion contamination, vegetation and urban-area effects, synchronization, and error minimization. The application of high-resolution terrain-elevation data to tactical targeting is also discussed.
 

Roux, M., (1997). Cooperation for analysis of maps and aerial images for urban scene description. Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Synthetic Aperture Radar for Remote Sensing London, UK 22-26 Sept. 1997
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.254-67.
Keywords: Cartography; Edge detection; Feature extraction; Geography; Remote sensing; Maps; Aerial images; Urban scene; Three-dimensional cartographic databases; Dense urban areas; Scanned maps; Digital terrain models; Aerial imagery; Road network; Urban blocks; Buildings; Disparity image; Stereo pair ; Landscapes
Original abstract: In this paper we present a method to generate three-dimensional cartographic databases in dense urban areas using simultaneously scanned maps and aerial images. The generation of digital terrain models (DTM) and the three-dimensional description of buildings using aerial imagery are both supported by the previous analysis of scanned maps. Our approach relies on various information extracted from the maps on different features like the road network, the urban blocks and the buildings. These features are used to guide the analysis of a disparity image calculated with a stereo pair of aerial images. For the generation of a DTM, the road network allows to focus the algorithms on regions where the information on the ground elevation is available: the crossroads and the road sections. For the detection and the description of buildings, each urban block provided by the road network of the map is analyzed separately, taking into account the different features detected in the map. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated using complex imagery over large and dense urban areas presenting a large variety of landscapes.
 

Roux, M., (1996). Automatic registration of SPOT images and digitized maps. Proceedings. International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. No.96CH35919) Proceedings of 3rd IEEE International Conference on Image Processing Lausanne, Switzerland 16-19 Sept. 1996
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.625-8 vol.2.
Keywords: Cartography; Feature extraction; Image matching; Image registration; Remote sensing; Automatic registration; SPOT images; Digitized maps; High level features; Urban areas; Crossroads; Hypothesis generation and propagation scheme; Partial maps ; Large SPOT image
Original abstract: This paper presents a new method for the automatic registration of SPOT images and digitised maps. Direct matching of high level features (urban areas and crossroads) is performed using an hypothesis generation and propagation scheme. Results are presented for the registration of SPOT images and maps covering the same scene, as well as for the retrieval of partial maps into a large SPOT image.
 

Roux, M.; H. Maitre, (1998). Map analysis for guided interpretation of aerial images. Graphics Recognition. Algorithms and Systems. Second International Workshop, GREC '97. Selected Papers Nancy, France 22-23 Aug. 1997
Berlin, Germany Springer-Verlag, pp.243-56.
Keywords: Cartography; Feature extraction; Image segmentation; Knowledge acquisition; Town and country planning; Visual databases; Map analysis; Guided interpretation; Aerial image interpretation; City maps; Semantic information; Raw information; Road network; Urban blocks; Semantic description; Digital terrain model; 3D description ; Buildings
Original abstract: We present a set of procedures to extract useful information from maps of cities in order to help in interpreting aerial images. The aim of the work is to combine semantic information issued from the map with the raw information coming from a picture. Several cues can be extracted from maps. The road network gives the structure of the city and cuts the scene into small but coherent regions: urban blocks. The map gives also a geometric and semantic description of the contents of each urban block. This information can then be used for the interpretation of aerial images. Two applications are briefly presented: the generation of a digital terrain model (DTM) in urban areas and the 3D description of buildings.
 

Rowe, N. C.; L. L. Grewe (2001). Change detection for linear features in aerial photographs using edge-finding. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 39, (7): 1608-12.
Keywords: Edge detection; Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image processing; Image sequences; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land use; Land surface; Optical imaging; Change detection; Linear feature; Aerial photograph; Edge finding; Automatic change detection; Road; Building; Major line segment ; Automatic matching
Original Abstract: The authors describe a system fur automatic change detection of linear features such as roads and buildings in aerial photographs. Rather than compare pixels, they match major line segments and note those without counterparts. Experiments show their methods to be promising for images of around 2-m resolution.
 

Ruiz-Shulcloper, J.; E. Alba-Cabrera; G. Sanchez-Diaz, (2000). DGLC: a density-based global logical combinatorial clustering algorithm for large mixed incomplete data. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2846-8 vol.7.
Keywords: Data mining; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Pattern recognition; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Image processing; dglc; Density-based global logical combinatorial clustering algorithm; Large mixed incomplete data; Sensor fusion; Data fusion; Data analysis; Large mixed incomplete data set ; Logical combinatorial approach
Original abstract: Clustering has been widely used in areas as pattern recognition, data analysis and image processing. Recently, clustering algorithms have been recognized as one of a powerful tool for data mining. However, the well-known clustering algorithms offer no solution to the case of large mixed incomplete data sets. The authors comment the possibilities of application of the methods, techniques and philosophy of the logical combinatorial approach for clustering in these kinds of data sets. They present the new clustering algorithm DGLC for discovering beta /sub 0/-density connected components from large mixed incomplete data sets. This algorithm combines the ideas of logical combinatorial pattern recognition with the density based notion of cluster. Finally, an example is showed in order to illustrate the work of the algorithm.
 

Ryan, M. J.; J. F. Arnold (1997). The lossless compression of AVIRIS images by vector quantization. Ieee Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, V35, (N3): 546-550.
Keywords: AVIRIS , lossless compression, hyperspectral images
Original Abstract: The structure of hyperspectral images reveals spectral responses that would seem ideal candidates for compression by vector quantization. This paper outlines the results of an investigation of lossless vector quantization of 224-band Airborne/Visible Infrared imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) images. Various vector formation techniques are identified and suitable quantization parameters are investigated. A new technique, mean-normalized vector quantization (M-NVQ), is proposed which produces compression performances approaching the theoretical minimum compressed image entropy of 5 bits/pixel. Images are compressed from original image entropies of between 8.28 and 10.89 bits/pixel to between 4.83 and 5.90 bits/pixel.
 

Saarenketo, T.; T. Scullion (2000). Road evaluation with ground penetrating radar. Journal of Applied Geophysics, V43, (N2-4): 119-138.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: This paper provides a status report of the Ground Penetrating Radar GPR highway applications based on studies conducted in both Scandinavia and the USA. After several years of research local transportation agencies are now beginning to implement GPR technology for both network and project level surveys. This paper summarizes the principles of operation of both ground-coupled and air-launched GPR systems together with a discussion of both signal processing and data interpretation techniques. In the area of subgrade soil evaluation GPR techniques have been used to nondestructively identify soil type, to estimate the thickness of overburden and to evaluate the compressibility and frost susceptibility of subgrade soil. In road structure surveys, GPR has been used to measure layer thickness, to detect subsurface defects and to evaluate base course quality. In quality control surveys, GPR techniques have been used for thickness measurements, to estimate air void content of asphalt surfaces and to detect mix segregation. Future developments are described where the technique has great potential in assisting pavement engineers with their new pavement designs and in determining the optimal repair strategies for deteriorated roadways.
 

Saarenketo, T.; M. K. Soderqvist (1994). Ground Penetrating Radar Applications for Bridge Deck Evaluations in Finland. Insight, V36, (N7): 496-501.
Keywords:
 
 

Savage, N. (1999). Remote sensing - Lidar sensor sees forest and the trees. Laser Focus World, V35, (N5): 71-72.
Keywords:
 
 

Schiavon, G.; D. Solimini, (2000). Dihedral and trihedral corner reflector models for the interpretation of radar returns from urban manufacts. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2882-4 vol.7.
Keywords: Backscatter; Geophysical techniques; Radar cross-sections; Radar polarimetry; Radar theory; Remote sensing by radar; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Urban area; Town; City; Building; Radar remote sensing; Radar scattering; Trihedral corner reflector model; Dihedral; Radar return; Urban manufact; Microwave polarimetric model; Dielectric dihedral reflector; Urban type cover; Reflecting surface; Size; Dimensions; Roughness; Coherent scattering ; Diffuse scattering
Original abstract: Microwave polarimetric models for dielectric dihedral and trihedral corner reflectors are presented. They could provide helpful tools to understand the complex interaction of radar with urban type cover. The models take into account the dimensions of the reflecting surfaces, their dielectric properties and roughness, and evaluates contributions of coherent and diffuse scattering.
 

Segl, K.; H. Kaufmann (2001). Detection of small objects from high-resolution panchromatic satellite imagery based on supervised image segmentation. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 39, (9): 2080-3.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image processing; Image segmentation; Multidimensional signal processing; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Multispectral remote sensing; Optical imaging; IR imaging; Visible region; Small object detection; High-resolution panchromatic image; Satellite image; Supervised image segmentation; Small object; Shape; Iterative procedure ; Target-oriented search
Original Abstract: A new concept for the detection of small objects from modular optoelectronic multispectral scanner (MOMS-02) high spatial resolution panchromatic satellite imagery is presented. The authors combine supervised shape classification with unsupervised image segmentation in an iterative procedure which allows a target-oriented search for specific object shapes.
 

Segl, K.; S. Roessner; U. Heiden, (2000). Differentiation of urban surfaces based on hyperspectral image data and a multi-technique approach. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.1600-2 vol.4.
Keywords: Hyperspectral remote sensing Multispectral remote sensing, Linear spectral unmixing, Spectral classification, Image processing, Urban surface cover type, Shape-based detection, Pixel-oriented endmember selection
Original abstract: Airborne hyperspectral data yield a new potential for spectrally-based identification, but also raise new challenges in image analysis caused by a high spatial and spectral variability of the urban environment. The algorithms have to analyze spectrally mixed and non-mixed-pixels of various classes which often show spectrally similar characteristics. In this context the authors developed a multi-technique approach which combines linear spectral unmixing and spectral classification for a complete inventory of main urban surface cover types. Despite the good results, problems remained in differentiation of spectrally similar surfaces, such as buildings and sealed open surfaces. The authors present an improved approach including a new algorithm for shape-based detection of buildings and new rules for an optimized pixel-oriented endmember selection. The approach was developed using DAIS hyperspectral image data of the reflective and thermal wavelength ranges covering a study area in the city of Dresden (Germany). In the result a much improved identification of urban surfaces was achieved due to the incorporation of shape-based techniques.
 

Serpico, S. B.; L. Bruzzone (2001). A new search algorithm for feature selection in hyperspectral remote sensing images. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 39, (7): 1360-7.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Multidimensional signal processing; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Multispectral remote sensing; Image processing; Algorithm; Feature selection; Hyperspectral remote sensing; Optical imaging; Suboptimal search strategy ; Binary string
Original Abstract: A new suboptimal search strategy suitable for feature selection in very high-dimensional remote sensing images (e.g., those acquired by hyperspectral sensors) is proposed. Each solution of the feature selection problem is represented as a binary string that indicates which features are selected and which are disregarded. In turn, each binary string corresponds to a point of a multidimensional binary space. Given a criterion function to evaluate the effectiveness of a selected solution, the proposed strategy is based on the search for constrained local extremes of such a function in the above-defined binary space. In particular, two different algorithms are presented that explore the space of solutions in different ways. These algorithms are compared with the classical sequential forward selection and sequential forward floating selection suboptimal techniques, using hyperspectral remote sensing images (acquired by the airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer [AVIRIS] sensor) as a data set. Experimental results point out the effectiveness of both algorithms, which can be regarded as valid alternatives to classical methods, as they allow interesting tradeoffs between the qualities of selected feature subsets and computational cost.
 

Shaban, M. A.; O. Dikshit, (1999). Land use classification for urban areas using spatial properties. IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293) Hamburg, Germany 28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.1140-2 vol.2.
Keywords: Geography; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image classification; Image texture; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Land use; Remote sensing; Urban area; Cover frequency algorithm; Spatial properties; Lucknow; India; Assuit; Egypt; City; Training; Test area; Accuracy; Texture feature; Grey level co-occurrence matrix; Algorithm ; Well-planned city
Original abstract: The cover frequency algorithm (CFA) has been applied to prepare land use maps of two cities, Lucknow (India) and Assuit (Egypt). The overall classification accuracy improved by 10% and 15% in case of training and test area respectively for the well-planned Assuit city. The overall and individual class accuracies of most of the classes reach 85% or higher suggesting usefulness of CFA. On the other hand CFA does not show any advantage in classifying Lucknow which is relatively poorly planned. A comparison of classification using CFA to that using a combination of three spectral and one texture features computed from grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) algorithm indicated that for the well-planned Assuit city, the improvement in accuracy using both approaches were similar. However, CFA is computationally simple and unlike texture algorithms it takes shorter time and requires optimisation of only one parameter i.e. window size. However, for a heterogeneous and poorly planned city like Lucknow, one should use combined spectral and textural features rather than CFA to improve classification accuracy.
 

Shaban, M. A.; O. Dikshit, (1998). Textural classification of high resolution digital satellite imagery. IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174) Seattle, WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.2590-2 vol.5.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image classification; Image texture; Multidimensional signal processing; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Satellite remote sensing; Optical imaging; High resolution image; Urban; spot; XS imagery; Grey level co-occurrence matrix; Image processing; Spectral feature; Accuracy ; Multispectral remote sensing
Original abstract: This paper presents investigations with digital spectral and textural classification of urban environment using SPOT XS imagery and grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) approach. The results indicate that a combination of texture and spectral features significantly improves the classification accuracy compared to a classification with pure spectral features only. This improvement is about 9% for an addition of one texture feature.
 

Shalaby, M. T.; A. A. Darwish, (2000). Classification trees for improving the accuracy of land use urban data from remotely sensed images. Management Information Systems 2000. Second International Conference on Management Information Systems Incorporating GIS and Remote Sensing. Udine, Italy May 2000
Southampton, UK WIT Press, pp.381-91.
Keywords: Cartography; Image classification; Remote sensing; Town and country planning; Trees (mathematics); Classification trees; Land use urban data accuracy; Remotely sensed images; Classification accuracy; Urban planning data; Affordable system; Landsat TM scene; Greater Cairo Metropolitan Area; gcma; Classification tree; Urban data; Overall Classification Accuracy; Kappa Statistic; K/sup _/; User intervention ; Surveying methods
Original abstract: The paper summarizes the results of a joint research carried out between the Informatics Institute of IT, University of Nottingham in the UK and the Information Technology Institute (ITI) in Egypt. The research focuses on achieving higher classification accuracy to extract urban planning data from remotely sensed images. The research aims at providing an affordable system, which is capable of operating with limited data to produce the best possible classification accuracy. A Landsat TM scene of Greater Cairo Metropolitan Area (GCMA) is used to test the validity and reliability of the proposed classification tree. The paper includes three main sections. The first introduces the current problem of the accuracy of urban data and the proposed solution. The second discusses the target classes, the most commonly used classification techniques and the proposed classification tree. The last section compares the experiment results and highlights the research conclusions. Findings show that the proposed classification tree yielded the highest accuracy for both the *Overall Classification Accuracy' (OA) and the *Kappa Statistic' (K/sup _/). However, the process of constructing the tree was complicated, and required a greater level of user intervention. Results show that remotely sensed images could be used as an alternative to traditional surveying methods to provide up-to-date urban data with a high level of accuracy.
 

Shan, Y.; M. Berthod; G. Giraudon (1999). Toward robust analysis of satellite images using map information-application to urban area detection. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 37, (4): 1925-39.
Keywords: Bayes methods; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image processing; Markov processes; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Robust analysis; Satellite image; Map information; Urban area detection; Town; City; Complex natural scene; Integrated approach; Markov random field theory; Bayes formula; Image analysis problem; Optimization; Objective function; Markov random field; Image contextual information; Context ; Feedback
Original Abstract: With the rapid development of remote sensing, digital image processing has become an important tool for the quantitative and statistical analysis of remotely sensed images. These images most often contain complex natural scenes. The robust interpretation of such images requires the use of different sources of information about the scenes under consideration. This paper presents an integrated approach to robust analysis of SPOT images with the aid of map information as well as a priori knowledge about the contextual information of images. Markov random field theory and the Bayes formula are used to formulate the image analysis problem as a problem of optimization of an objective function, which in turn permits the application of various existing optimization algorithms to solve the problem. To increase the robustness of the result, several techniques are proposed to effectively use map information and image contextual information. The first one is concerned with the estimation of the parameters in the objective function with the help of these two sources of information. The second one is the integration of map information in Bayes image modeling using a Markov random field. The third one is a new optimization algorithm which takes into account map information and image contextual information by means of a feedback control scheme. The last technique proposed to increase the robustness of the result is concerned with the fusion of several (intermediate) analysis results by again using map knowledge and image contextual information for the estimation of the reliability of these results.
 

Shcherbakov, M. A.; W. E. Schegolev, (2000). A wavelet-based technique for image refinement. Signal Processing X Theories and Applications. Proceedings of EUSIPCO 2000. Tenth European Signal Processing Conference Proceedings of 10th European Signal Processing Conference Tampere, Finland 4-8 Sept. 2000
Tampere, Finland Tampere Univ. Technology, pp.1737-8 vol.3.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Image enhancement; Image resolution; Remote sensing; Wavelet transforms; Wavelet-based technique; Image refinement; Extended version; Image quality; Non-compressed grayscale format; Superimage ; Image rescaling
Original abstract: We concentrate on a wavelet-based technique of image refinement. Specifically, we aim to obtain the extended version of an original image while preserving its quality. The image to be expanded is given in a non-compressed grayscale format. According to the method we propose, the original image is, heuristically, supposed to be a smoothed version of an unknown sharp image we try to reach. The former is referred to as the superimage, in the sense that it is not just a resized version of the original, but is rendered in more detail than the original. This is the case if we derive the details out of the given image. We have found it reasonable to look at the problem in the wavelet background, as it comprises the image rescaling and feature extraction operations in their natural combination. We offer a number of approaches to the problem, which are supported by the relevant examples. Applications are expected to arise in remote sensing image refinement.
 

Shibata, M., (1995). Applications of digital road maps in Japan. Towards an Intelligent Transport System. Proceedings of the First World Congress on Applications of Transport Telematics and Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems Proceedings of the First World Congress on ATT & IVHS Paris, France 30 Nov.-3 Dec. 1994
London, UK Artech House, pp.229-32 vol.1.
Keywords: Automated highways; Cartography; Geographic information systems; Navigation; Traffic information systems; Visual databases; Digital road maps; Japan; Intelligent transport systems; Vehicle navigation; Transportation; Road management; Road data display system; Road sign monitoring ; Map database
Original abstract: Digital road maps (DRM) are being utilized in many applications in intelligent transport systems. Vehicle navigation is currently the most widely spread application of DRM. Vehicle management system is an application adopted in transportation businesses and emergency activities. Applications to assist road management and planning such as road data display system and road sign monitoring system are used by road administrators.
 

Shih-Lung, S.; W. Dongmei (2000). Handling disaggregate spatiotemporal travel data in GIS. GeoInformatica, 4, (2): 161-78.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Relational databases; Town and country planning; Traffic information systems; Transportation; Disaggregate spatiotemporal travel data handling; Urban transportation planning studies; GIS environment; Urban travel demand models; Aggregate models; Disaggregate models; Trip based paradigm; Activity based paradigm; Temporal components; Data organization level; Redundancy; Complex relationships; Data items; Data organization; Attribute criteria; Relational database approach; Dynamic segmentation ; Sample travel diary data set
Original Abstract: Disaggregate travel data is not new to urban transportation planning studies, but it is infrequently handled in a GIS environment. With the evolution of urban travel demand models from aggregate models to disaggregate models and from a trip based paradigm to an activity based paradigm, there is a growing need for managing disaggregate travel data with spatial and temporal components in a GIS environment. At the data organization level, the main challenge is to efficiently store the data by minimizing redundancy while maintaining the complex relationships among the data items. The data organization should allow users to retrieve and visualize disaggregate travel data according to various possible combinations of spatial, temporal, and attribute criteria. The paper presents an implementation that employs a relational database approach and dynamic segmentation to organize the spatial, temporal, and attribute components in a sample travel diary data set. Discussions of the benefits and shortcomings associated with this approach are provided, along with suggestions for future research.
 

Shinmura, H.; K. Hiraoka; N. Hamada, (2000). Optimal filter in the frequency-time mixed domain to extract moving object. Applications of Digital Image Processing XXIII San Diego, CA, USA 31 July-3 Aug. 2000
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.302-10.
Keywords: Circuit optimisation; Feature extraction; Filtering theory; FIR filters; Fourier transforms; Frequency-domain synthesis; Image motion analysis; Least mean squares methods; Remote sensing; Robot vision; Time-domain synthesis; Time-frequency analysis; Frequency-time mixed domain; Moving object extraction; Image sequence; Optimal filter design method; Frequency selective filter; Dynamic images; 3D frequency domain; 2D frequency domain; 1D time domain; Noise frequency; Least mean square error; LMS error; 2D spatial Fourier transform; FIR filtering; Finite frames; Velocity vector; Power spectrum; Noise signal; Filter coefficients ; 2D inverse Fourier transform
Original abstract: There are same occasions to extract the moving object from image sequence in the region of remote sensing, robot vision and so on. The process needs to have high accurate extraction and simpler realization. In this paper, we propose the design method of the optimal filter in the frequency-time mixed domain. The frequency selective filter to dynamic images usually are designed in 3-D frequency domain. But, design method of the filter is difficult because of its high parameter degree. By the use of frequency-time mixed domain (MixeD) which constitutes of 2-D frequency domain and 1-D time domain, design of filters becomes easier. But usually the desired and noise frequency component of image tend to concentrate near the origin in the frequency domain. Therefore, conventional frequency selective filters are difficult to distinguish these. We propose the optimal filter in the MixeD in the sense of least mean square error. First of all, we apply 2-D spatial Fourier to dynamic images, and at each point in 2-D frequency domain, designed FIR filtering is applied to 1-D time signal. In designing the optimal filter, we use the following information to decide the characteristics of the optimal filter: (1) the number of finite frames of input images; (2) the velocity vector of the signal desired; and (3) the power spectrum of the noise signal. Signals constructed by these information are applied for the evaluation function and it decides filter coefficients. After filtering, 2-D inverse Fourier transform is applied to obtain the extracted image.
 

Singh, S.; M. Markou; J. Haddon, (2000). FLIR image segmentation and natural object classification. Proceedings 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition. ICPR-2000 Proceedings of 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Barcelona, Spain 3-7 Sept. 2000
Los Alamitos, CA, USA IEEE Comput. Soc, pp.681-4 vol.1.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Hermitian matrices; Image classification; Image segmentation; Image sequences; Image texture; Infrared imaging; Object recognition; Remote sensing; Video signal processing; FLIR image segmentation; Natural object classification; Texture data; Linear discriminant analysis; Mean classifier; K-nearest neighbour methods; Hermite functions; Texture feature extraction; Segmented regions; Video sequence; Unnormalised data; Normalised data; Nonnormalised data; Forward-looking infrared images ; IR images
Original abstract: In this paper we compare four classification techniques for classifying texture data of various natural objects found in forward-looking infrared (FLIR) images. The techniques compared include linear discriminant analysis, mean classifier and two different models of k-nearest neighbour methods. Hermite functions are used for texture feature extraction from segmented regions of interest in natural scenes taken as a video sequence. A total of 2680 samples for a total of twelve different classes are used for object recognition. The results on correctly identifying twelve natural objects in scenes are compared across the four classifiers on both unnormalised and normalised data. On unnormalised data, the average best recognition rate obtained using a ten fold cross-validation is 96.5%, and on unnormalised data it is 86.1% with a single nearest neighbour technique.
 

Skriver, H.; J. Schon; W. Dierking, (2000). Land-cover mapping using multitemporal, dual-frequency polarimetric SAR data. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.331-3 vol.1.
Keywords: Geophysical techniques; Radar polarimetry; Remote sensing by radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Terrain mapping; Topography (Earth); Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Topography; Radar remote sensing; Land-cover mapping; Dual-frequency; sar; Multitemporal radar; Danish Center for Remote Sensing; Danish mapping agency; Topographic mapping; emisar; L-band; C-band; Cartography; Agricultural site; Denmark; Crop type; Forest; Wetland; Urban area; Wishart distributed covariance matrix ; Vegetation mapping
Original abstract: The Danish Center for Remote Sensing (DCRS) is, in collaboration with the Danish mapping agency, conducting a study on topographic mapping using SAR data, and land cover mapping results are presented. The Danish EMISAR system (an L- and C-band, fully polarimetric, airborne SAR) have in 1994 to 1999 during the growing season acquired a lot of data over a Danish agricultural site. The data acquisitions were co-ordinated with ground surveys to obtain a detailed land cover map. The test area contains a large number of different land cover classes, such as more than 10 different crop types, deciduous and coniferous forest types, wetlands, lakes, and urban areas. The data are used to study the classification potential of polarimetric SAR data using the Wishart distributed covariance matrix.
 

Skrlec, D.; S. Krajcar; B. Pribicevic; S. Blagajac, (1996). Optimal routing by genetic algorithms. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference Applied Informatics Proceedings of IASTED International Conference on Applied Informatics Innsbruck, Austria 20-22 Feb. 1996
Anaheim, CA, USA IASTED-ACTA Press, pp.23-6.
Keywords: Distribution networks; Genetic algorithms; Geographic information systems; Graph theory; Minimisation; Network routing; Transportation; Travelling salesman problems; Optimal routing; Combinatorial mathematics; Network structure; Constraints; Variables; Single-depot capacited vehicle routing problem; Multi-depot capacited vehicle routing problem; Electric distribution network optimization ; Geographic information system
Original abstract: How can we best route energy, materials, or even people from one place to another as efficiently as possible? The problems encountered in answering this question often have a combinatorial character, and they also typically have an underlying network structure with a large number of constraints and variables. In this context, we study the applicability of genetic algorithms to solve the single- and multi-depot capacited vehicle routing problems. These problems are applied to electric distribution network optimization with a geographic information system as a natural platform used for a routing system.
 

Skrlec, D.; S. Krajcar; Z. Zmijarevic, (1998). GIS on the World-Wide Web-CARNet example. Proceedings of the 16th IASTED International Conference. Applied Informatics Proceedings of 16th IASTED International Conference on Applied Informatics Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany 23-25 Feb. 1998
Anaheim, CA, USA IASTED/ACTA Press, pp.92-4.
Keywords: Data analysis; Geographic information systems; Information resources; gis; World-Wide Web; CARNet; Software tools; Information storage; Information manipulation; cad; Digital cartography software; Data management; Browsing; User interface; Computer network; Interactive maps; Croatian Academic and Research Network; WebGIS project ; Web site
Original abstract: A lot of crucial information, especially in communication and computer networks, utilities or transportation networks is geographically referenced. A GIS is a set of software tools used to input, store, manipulate, analyze and display geographical information. This is a technical definition, which may emphasize the historical development of GIS into a combination of CAD and digital cartography software with integrated database capabilities. A majority of tasks in GIS are data analysis and management-oriented decisions for purposes such as planning, report producing, data visualization, and maintenance. Therefore users want a GIS that enables browsing and analysis of data through a computer network using a uniform user interface. The World-Wide Web is a promising new media for cartography, it allows the creation of interactive maps that can be accessed by the general public. This paper describes the results of the CARNet (Croatian Academic and Research Network) WebGIS project. The goal of this ongoing project is to determine the possibilities of GIS on the Web, review state-of-the-art products and establish a GIS-oriented Web site.
 

Smith, S. G. (1996). Goin' mobile. Odessa's road to GIS-based pavement management. GIS World, 9, (9): 46-8.
Keywords: Cartography; Civil engineering computing; Geographic information systems; Image processing; Public administration; Transportation; TX Odessa, USA; TX Midland, USA; Texas Department of Transportation; GIS software; Digital video imaging; Mandli Communications; esri; Pavement management information system; Inhouse database; District office; Roadway management; Maps ; GIS analytical projects
Original Abstract: The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), charged with maintaining quality, continually tests innovative and often technology-driven ideas. The agency's latest effort involves piloting one of the nation's most sophisticated GIS-based pavement management systems. The system incorporates digital video imaging from Mandli Communications and GIS software from ESRI with an in-house pavement management information system (PMIS) database. Pioneering the effort is the Odessa District, one of 25 TxDOT district offices. Odessa manages about 3,300 centerline miles of roadway in 12 counties throughout the predominantly rural West Texas area, including the twin cities of Midland and Odessa. Although it's still early in the GIS implementation process, early success has helped the agency demonstrate the technology's potential-starting with improved capabilities to create simple maps and working up to full-scale GIS analytical projects.
 

Smits, P. C., (2001). Combining supervised remote sensing image classifiers based on individual class performances. Multiple Classifier Systems. Second International Workshop, MCS 2001. Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol.2096) Multiple Classifier Systems. Second International Workshop, MCS 2001. Proceedings Cambridge, UK 2-4 July 2001
Berlin, Germany Springer-Verlag, pp.269-78.
Keywords: Belief networks; Cooperative systems; Geophysical signal processing; Image classification; Learning (artificial intelligence); Probability; Remote sensing; Software performance evaluation; Supervised remote sensing image classifier combination; Individual class performance; Multiple classifier systems; Dynamic classifier selection; Implementation strategies; Majority voting ; Unknown classifier-dependent posterior distributions
Original abstract: This article focuses on the use of multiple classifier systems (MCSs) based on dynamic classifier selection. Four implementation strategies of MCSs are compared: majority voting, belief networks, and two designs based on dynamic classifier selection. Experimental results indicate that the direction taken by K. Woods et al. (1997) is the best alternative for remote sensing applications for which the classifier-dependent posterior distributions are unknown.
 

Smits, P. C.; A. Annoni, (2000). Cost-based feature selection for GIS-embedded data fusion. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) IGARSS 2000. Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2614-16 vol.6.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image processing; Remote sensing; Sensor fusion; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Cost-based feature selection; GIS-embedded; Data fusion; Feature subset selection; Interactive verification; Land-cover map; Feature vector ; Object oriented image analysis
Original abstract: A powerful way of using existing information has been presented by Smits and Annoni (1999), who focus on a cost-based feature subset selection in the framework of the (interactive) verification and updating of land-cover maps with imagery from different space-borne sensors. Each feature comes with its own cost, and the user specifies a "budget" which the final feature vector may not exceed. As feature subset selection constitutes an important aspect of data fusion in general, this paper exploits further the concept of cost-based feature selection. The novelty is that the feature subset selection itself is also subject to a (computation) cost.
 

Smits, P. C.; A. Annoni (2000). Toward specification-driven change detection. Ieee Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, V38, (N3): 1484-1488.
Keywords: specification-driven change detection , misclassification probabilities, high resolution panchromatic spaceborne images
Original Abstract: A change-detection methodology based on explicit user requirements in terms of example imagery and false alarm and misclassification probabilities is discussed and applied. A distance measure between texture features is defined, and its ability is illustrated to measure changes in urban areas in high resolution, panchromatic, spaceborne images.
 

Smits, P. C.; A. Annoni, (1998). On the use of texture information for urban analysis in space-borne remote-sensing imagery. Image and Signal Processing for Remote Sensing IV Barcelona, Spain 21-23 Sept. 1998
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.250-60.
Keywords: Image recognition; Image resolution; Image texture; Matrix algebra; Remote sensing; Texture information; Urban analysis; Space-borne remote-sensing imagery; Pattern recognition; Urban areas; Rural areas; High resolution panchromatic space-borne imagery; Stable features; Urban pressure; Homogeneity; Contrast features; Gray level co-occurrence matrix ; SPOT panchromatic data
Original abstract: This article addresses the application of pattern recognition techniques for the analysis of urban and rural areas based on high resolution panchromatic space-borne imagery. In particular, we focus on the problem of finding stable features that allow one to distinguish between urban, industry, and vegetation, categories that are important for understanding the urban pressure on rural areas. The novelty of the paper is the detailed and thorough analysis of the usability of more than 30 texture features in this type of analysis. It is concluded that for the application and the data at hand the homogeneity and contrast features derived from the gray level co-occurrence matrix are the most successful for SPOT panchromatic data.
 

Smits, P. C.; S. G. Dellepiane; A. Anmoni; D. Ehrlich, (1998). Multi-temporal analysis of urban areas using textural information in space-borne imagery. IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174) Seattle, WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.2580-2 vol.5.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image classification; Image sequences; Image texture; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land use; Land surface; Multitemporal analysis; Urban area; Textural information; Spaceborne imagery; High level object; Temporal morphological analysis; Spaceborne imaging; Urban category ; CORINE land cover nomenclature
Original abstract: High level "objects" are proposed as instruments for the temporal morphological analysis of urban zones using spaceborne imaging sensors. These objects, that correspond to the various urban categories as defined in the CORINE land cover nomenclature, are defined as texture appearances of low-level image classes derived from imagery with a low spectral content and a relatively high resolution. In order to describe the texture appearances of the low-level classes, co-occurrence matrices are utilised. For the feature selection and successive model definition a typical pattern recognition methodology is followed, aiming at finding a robust set of features that allows successful identification of the categories of interest. Preliminary experimental results indicate the usefulness of the direction taken.
 

Soergel, U.; K. Schulz; U. Thoennessen, (2000). Enhancement of interferometric SAR data using segmented intensity information in urban areas. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.3216-18 vol.7.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image segmentation; Radar imaging; Remote sensing by radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Land use; Radar remote sensing; InSAR; sar; Interferometric SAR; Segmented intensity information; Urban area; Town; City; Height; Irregular height jump; Man-made object; Speckle filtering; Shadow area; Frankfurt; Main ; Germany
Original abstract: In the InSAR process the height information of the scene is derived from the phase data, which suffers from noise especially in case of low coherence. As a consequence, irregular height jumps occur even inside flat objects. This paper refers to investigations which stabilize and improve the InSAR height data in scenes containing man-made objects, e.g. to generate models of urban areas. After speckle filtering, a segmentation of the intensity data is carried out. With these segments the height data are masked and an average height is calculated with the related intensity values as weights. The results are refined incorporating detected shadow areas. A test site including the airport of Frankfurt (Main) was chosen. For the visualization purpose, the smoothed height data is represented in a depth map. The results are compared to a vector map and a 3D-model of the scene.
 

Soo Chin, L.; L. Hock; K. Leong Keong; T. Geok Kee, (1995). Texture analysis of SAR images. 1995 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS '95. Quantitative Remote Sensing for Science and Applications (Cat. No.95CH35770) Firenze, Italy 10-14 July 1995
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.1412-14 vol.2.
Keywords: Forestry; Fractals; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image texture; Radar imaging; Remote sensing by radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Vegetation mapping; Forest forestry; Radar remote sensing; SAR imaging; Image texture analysis; SAR image; Grey level co-occurrence matrix; glcm; Fractal dimension; Built-up area; Urban area; Swamp ; Wetland
Original abstract: Texture features derived from the grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and the fractal dimension were evaluated for a SAR image. The local values of the texture features for every pixel in the image were evaluated in a small (16 by 16 pixels) window around each pixel. The features derived from the GLCM were able to discriminate between the built-up areas, forest and swamps. The fractal dimension was only able to distinguish the built-up area from the natural areas.
 

Southworth, F.; B. E. Peterson (2000). Intermodal and international freight network modeling. Transportation Research Part C (Emerging Technologies), 8C, (1-6): 147-66.
Keywords: Computational complexity; Geographic information systems; Goods distribution; Transportation; Intermodal freight network modeling; International freight network modeling; Multimodal freight transportation network; Transcontinental freight transportation network; Freight shipments; Truck transportation; Rail transportation; Water transportation; gis; Computationally efficient routing; Intermodal terminal transfers; Inter-carrier interlining practices ; Multimodal impedance functions
Original Abstract: The authors describe the development and application of a single, integrated digital representation of a multimodal and transcontinental freight transportation network. The network was constructed to support the simulation of some five million origin-to-destination freight shipments reported as part of the 1997 United States Commodity Flow Survey. The paper focuses on the routing of the tens of thousands of intermodal freight movements reported in this survey. Routings involve different combinations of truck, rail and water transportation. Geographic information systems (GIS) technology was invaluable in the cost-effective construction and maintenance of this network and in the subsequent validation of mode sequences and route selections, However, computationally efficient routing of intermodal freight shipments was found to be most efficiently accomplished outside the GIS. Selection of appropriate intermodal routes required procedures for linking freight origins and destinations to the transportation network, procedures for modeling intermodal terminal transfers and inter-carrier interlining practices, and a procedure for generating multimodal impedance functions to reflect the relative costs of alternative, survey-reported mode sequences.
 

Sowmya, A.; J. Trinder (2000). Modelling and representation issues in automated feature extraction from aerial and satellite images. Isprs Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, V55, (N1): 34-47.
Keywords: automatic feature extraction
Synopsis: This is a review paper describing the most recent methods of automated image extraction. Examples are given of image extraction applications in computer vision research ("the enterprise of automating and integrating a wide range of processes and representations used for visual perception by constructing explicit, meaningful descriptions of objects from images, using a variety of approaches and techniques including digital image processing, pattern recognition, geometric modeling and cognitive processing")
 
 

Sowter, A., (1997). Satellite synthetic aperture radar data-capability and prospects. IEE Colloquium on Satellite Systems for European Markets - Looking to the Next Millennium (Ref. No.1997/024) London, UK 23 Jan. 1997
London, UK IEE, pp.5/1-4.
Keywords: Agriculture; Forestry; Geophysical prospecting; Remote sensing by radar; Spaceborne radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Satellite synthetic aperture radar data; Earth's surface; ERS satellites; European Space Agency; Economic benefit; Mapping; Monitoring; Land features; Oil exploration; Gas exploration ; Urban mapping
Original abstract: Satellite-based radar systems have been collecting data of the Earth's surface for some time. Prominent in this area are the ERS series of satellites, operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), which have been imaging the world for over five years. Within this period, many potential applications of the data have been found but the full economic benefits of the sensor are still being realised. This paper explores a number of applications, with a particular focus on the mapping and monitoring of land features, where satellite radar systems have a future, both in terms of offering a unique source of information and a back-up where other, more appropriate, sources of data are available. In particular the author discusses agriculture, forestry, oil and gas exploration, urban mapping and development.
 

Spagnolini, U.; V. Rampa (1999). Multitarget detection/tracking for monostatic ground penetrating radar: application to pavement profiling. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 37, (1, pt.2): 383-94.
Keywords: Buried object detection; Geophysical techniques; Radar applications; Remote sensing by radar; Geophysical measurement technique; Radar remote sensing; Road; Multitarget detection; Tracking; Monostatic radar; Ground penetrating radar; Pavement profiling; gpr; Highway; Layer thickness; Asphalt; Concrete; Inverse scattering; Maximum a posteriori ; Minimum mean square error criterion
Original Abstract: Monostatic ground penetrating radar (GPR) has proven to be a useful technique in pavement profiling. In road and highway pavements, layer thickness and permittivity of asphalt and concrete can be estimated by using an inverse scattering approach. Layer-stripping inversion refers to the iterative estimation of layer properties from amplitude and time of delay (TOD) of echoes after their detection. This method is attractive for real-time implementation, in that accuracy is improved by reducing false alarms. To make layer stripping useful, a multitarget detection/tracking (D/T) algorithm is proposed. It exploits the lateral continuity of echoes arising from a multilayered medium. Interface D/T means that both detection and tracking are employed simultaneously (not sequentially). For each scan, both detection of the target and tracking of the corresponding TOD of the backscattered echoes are based on the evaluated a posteriori probability density. The TOD is then estimated by using the maximum a posteriori (MAP) or the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion. The statistical properties of a scan are related to those of the neighboring ones by assuming, for the interface, a first-order Markov model.
 

Spencer, C. H., (1996). Integration of remote sensing and GIS for urban storm water management: a report on work in progress for the City of Scottsdale's local applications program. GIS/LIS'96 Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems/Land Information Systems Denver, CO, USA 19-21 Nov. 1996 Bethesda, MD, USA American Society for Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, pp.446.
Keywords: Civil engineering computing; Environmental science computing; Geographic information systems; Hydrology; Remote sensing; Town and country planning; gis; Urban storm water management; nasa; Urban problems; Financial impact; Hydrologic application; Environmental application; HEC-I hydrology model; Land use; Plant ground cover ; Classification
Original abstract: Summary form only given. The City of Scottsdale, in collaboration with Arizona State University, Tempe, (ASU) solicited and received a grant from NASA to apply remote sensing to urban problems. Two applications with potential for significant financial impact to the city, hydrologic and environmental, were identified during the initial first-year proof-of-concept phase. For storm water modeling, several parameters are required as input to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' HEC-I hydrology model. The parameters most amenable to extraction from multispectral remote sensing data are the land use types and percentage of plant ground cover. An approximately 4.5 Km/sup 2/ area in the south part of Scottsdale has been chosen for study. The classification results with the TM and SPOT data were highly variable. The choice of classification approach and analyst doing the work were the two significant variables leading to the diverse results.
 

Stallings, M., (2000). Mapping highway performance-a GIS solution. URISA Proceedings. Papers from the Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association. URISA 2000 Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings of 37th Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association Orlando, FL, USA 19-23 Aug. 2000
Park Ridge, IL, USA Urban & Regional Inf. Syst. Assoc, pp.580-3.
Keywords: Cartography; Geographic information systems; Town and country planning; Traffic engineering computing; Visual databases; gis; Florida Department of Transportation; Planning tools; Highway performance mapping; Spreadsheets; Quality assurance; fdot; Roadway system; Highway Performance Monitoring System; ArcInfo ; Federal Highway Administration
Original abstract: The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) is required to develop planning tools to manage highway performance for each of its districts. The District Transportation Statistics managers are required to assess changes and improvements in highway performance. Previously, this was accomplished through a series of spreadsheets and hand-drawn maps. Without a way of linking the two output formats, a consistent and accurate way to cross-check the data or provide quality assurance from year to year was not available. By utilizing existing data from FDOT and other state sources, maps depicting the roadway system, base features, and the Highway Performance Monitoring System events were mapped in ArcInfo. The final maps that were necessary to secure district funding from the Federal Highway Administration (FHA) were generated through a series of programs eliminated the need to duplicate efforts from year to year.
 

Stassopoulou, A.; T. Caelli (2000). Building detection using Bayesian networks. International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, 14, (6): 715-33.
Keywords: Belief networks; Case-based reasoning; Feature extraction; Image classification; Image segmentation; Learning (artificial intelligence); Object detection; Photography; Remote sensing; Uncertainty handling; Building detection; Bayesian networks; Digital orthophotographs; Probabilistic reasoning methods; Evidence combination; Training; Evidence weighting; Classification maximization; Expert performance; Network value configuration; Feature extraction preprocessing units; Human behavior; DC Washington, USA; Corner detection; Machine learning ; Adaptive multiscale segmentation
Original Abstract: Explores the uses of Bayesian networks for detecting buildings from digital orthophotos. This work differs from current research in building detection in so far as it utilizes the ability of Bayesian networks to provide probabilistic methods for evidence combination and, via training, to determine how such evidence should be weighted to maximize classification. In this vein, then, we have also utilized expert performance to not only configure the network values but also to adapt the feature extraction pre-processing units to fit human behavior as closely as possible. Results from digital orthophotos of the Washington DC area prove that such an approach is feasible, robust and worth further analysis.
 

Stokes, R. W.; G. Marucci (1995). Gis for Transportation - Current Practices, Problems and Prospects. Ite Journal-Institute of Transportation Engineers, V65, (N3): 28+.
Keywords:
 
 

Streilein, W.; A. Waxman; W. Ross; L. Fang; M. Braun; D. Fay; P. Harmon; C. H. Read, (2000). Fused multi-sensor image mining for feature foundation data. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Information Fusion (Cat. No.00EX438) Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Information Fusion Paris, France 10-13 July 2000
Sunnyvale, CA, USA Int. Soc. Inf. Fusion, pp.TUC3/18-25 vol.1.
Keywords: ART neural nets; Client-server systems; Data mining; Data visualisation; Feature extraction; Fuzzy neural nets; Image recognition; Remote sensing; Sensor fusion; User interfaces; Fused multi-sensor image mining; Feature foundation data; Interactive data mining; Client/server-based tools; Site Mining Tool; Image Map Interface; Image analysis; Trainable search agents; Search results; Image annotations; Computer network; Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network; Confidence measures; Detected search targets; Input vector critical feature selection; Electrooptical data; IR data; SAR data; Synthetic aperture radar; Landsat imagery; Radarsat imagery; Multispectral data sets; Hyperspectral data sets; Image enhancement architecture; Internal category activity maps; 3D target visualization; Color-fused imagery; Target recognition; Collaborative exploitation ; Pattern recognition
Original abstract: Presents work on methods and user interfaces developed for interactive mining for feature foundation data (e.g. roads, rivers, orchards, forests) in fused multi-sensor imagery. A suite of client/server-based tools, including the Site Mining Tool and Image Map Interface, enable image analysts (IAs) to mine multi-sensor imagery for feature foundation data and to share trainable search agents, search results and image annotations with other IAs connected via a computer network. We discuss extensions to the fuzzy ARTMAP neural network which enable the Site Mining Tool to report confidence measures for detected search targets and to automatically select the critical features in the input vector which are most relevant for particular searches. Examples of the use of the Site Mining Tool and Image Map Interface are shown for an electo-optical (EO), IR and SAR data set derived from Landsat and Radarsat imagery, as well as multispectral (4-band) and hyperspectral (224-band) data sets. In addition, we present an architecture for the enhancement of hyperspectral fused imagery that utilizes internal category activity maps of a trained fuzzy ARTMAP network to enhance the visualization of targets in the color-fused imagery.
 

Stroobants, W.; P. Dubois, (1998). Extraction of land cover information in tropical area for cartographic application using Radarsat imagery. IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174) Seattle, WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.2526-8 vol.5.
Keywords: Cartography; Geophysical techniques; Remote sensing by radar; Spaceborne radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Map making; Radar remote sensing; Land cover information extraction; Tropical area; Radarsat imagery; Radar imaging; Satellite radar image; sar; Incidence angle; Landscape unit discrimination; Scattering mechanism; Urban area ; Land use
Original abstract: A previous study has demonstrated the lack of up-to-date maps at the small and medium scales in tropical countries. Satellite radar imagery, because of relative insensitivity to weather conditions is an attractive source of information in these regions, characterized by an almost permanent cloud cover. This paper explores the cartographic application of Radarsat SAR imagery over tropical areas. Different Radarsat beam modes images are analysed with respect to their potential in providing pertinent information for cartography, in particular, different incidence angles (S1, S4 and S7) and different resolutions (F5, S7). The results show that the landscape unit discrimination can be improved by a combination of several angles reflecting the difference in scattering mechanisms: for example, the volume scattering will decrease more slowly than the surface scattering for increasing incidence angle. The urban area detection is enhanced with higher incidence angle resulting from an improved contrast with surrounding areas. Finally, as expected, the higher resolution allows a better analysis of the human made structures. Both the fine beam mode and the multi-incidence analysis of the standard beam mode allow an update of the 1/50000 maps.
 

Strozzi, T.; U. Wegmuller, (1999). Land subsidence in Mexico City mapped by ERS differential SAR interferometry. IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293) Hamburg, Germany 28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, v.vol.4, pp.1940-2.
Keywords: ERS Differential SAR interferometry Subsidence, InSAR
Original abstract: Land subsidence is a severe problem in Mexico City. The city is built on highly compressible clays and by reason of strong groundwater extraction a total subsidence of more than nine meters has been observed over the last century. ERS differential SAR interferometry was used to map the subsidence of Mexico City between December 1995 and September 1997. For some areas subsidence velocities of more than 30 cm per year with strong spatial gradients of the vertical movements were identified. This remote sensing technique, unique for spatial coverage and resolution, can give significant information for a rational management of the aquifer system, for the planning of new structures and for actions to preserve damaged buildings.
 

Strozzi, T.; U. Wegmuller, (1998). Delimitation of urban areas with SAR interferometry. IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174) Seattle, WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.1632-4 vol.3.
Keywords: Radiowave interferometry; Remote sensing by radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Urban area delimitation; SAR interferometry; Identification; Classification methods; ERS-1/2 image pairs; Switzerland; Classification algorithms; Backscatter intensities; Interferometric image pair; Backscatter image texture; ERS data; Urban maps; Digital land use map ; Swiss Federal Statistical Institute
Original abstract: Addresses the problem of the identification and delimitation of urban areas with SAR interferometry. Three different classification methods are investigated and applied to ERS-1/2 pairs over a part of Switzerland. The classification algorithms are based on the degree of coherence, the two backscatter intensities of the interferometric pair, and the texture of one backscatter image. ERS data acquired with different time intervals, baselines, and meteorological conditions are considered. The resulting urban maps are transformed into orthonormal coordinates and validated with the digital land use map of the Swiss Federal Statistical Institute.
 

Strozzi, T.; U. Wegmuller; C. Werner; A. Wiesmann, (2000). Measurement of slow uniform surface displacement with mm/year accuracy. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, v. vol.5, pp.2239-41.
Keywords: Slow uniform surface displacement InSAR, SAR interferometry
Original abstract: Interferogram stacking, a technique to improve the relative accuracy of SAR interferometric surface displacement mapping based on a combination of multiple interferograms, is presented. Its potential and usefulness is demonstrated with the land subsidence cases of Bologna and the Euganean Geothermal Basin (Italy). For one of the investigated cases the potential to map slow uniform surface displacements at mm/year accuracy is confirmed by the validation with levelling data.
 

Sugihara, K.; A. Hammad; Y. Hayashi, (2000). GIS based system for automatic generation of 3-D urban models and its application. URISA Proceedings. Papers from the Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association. URISA 2000 Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings of 37th Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association Orlando, FL, USA 19-23 Aug. 2000
Park Ridge, IL, USA Urban & Regional Inf. Syst. Assoc, pp.622-35.
Keywords: Digital simulation; Geographic information systems; Solid modelling; Town and country planning; GIS based system; Automatic generation; 3D urban models; 3D CG model; Real urban space; Information infrastructure; Simulator; Landscape evaluation; City planning; Transportation engineering; Computer graphics; 3D urban model landscape simulation; Zoning system ; Building regulations
Original abstract: A 3D CG model for real urban space, that is, 3D Urban Model is an important information infrastructure that can be used for various purposes, such as: simulator for landscape evaluation, city planning, transportation engineering. However, in order to realize a 3D urban model, an enormous amount of time and money have to be consumed to design the model and to acquire the data for the model. The authors propose a system to generate a 3D urban model automatically, utilizing and integrating GIS and CG. We also present the case study of a 3D urban model landscape simulation by assuming a zoning system and building regulations.
 

Sui, D. Z.; J. R. Giardino, (1995). Applications of GIS in environmental equity analysis: a multi-scale and multi-zoning scheme study for the city of Houston, Texas, USA. GIS/LIS *95 Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems/Land Information Systems Nashville, TN, USA 14-16 Nov. 1995
Bethesda, MD, USA American Soc. Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing & American Congress on Surveying & Mapping, pp.950-9 vol.2.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Health hazards; Human factors; Pollution; Prejudicial factors; gis; Environmental equity analysis; Multi-scale scheme; Multi-zoning scheme; Houston; Texas; Geographical scales; arc/info 7.0; SUN Sparc 10; Hazardous waste sites; Toxic Release Inventory database; Census block group; Census tract; Zip code; Concentric rings; Sectors; Buffer zones; Major transportation routes; Multivariate statistical analyses; Surrounding population characteristics ; Hazardous facility distribution
Original abstract: The paper presents a GIS approach to explore how different geographical scales and zoning schemes affect the results of environmental equity analysis. The city of Houston served as the study area. Using ARC/INFO 7.0 running on a SUN Sparc 10, we first re-aggregated the hazardous waste sites downloaded from U.S. EPA*s Toxic Release Inventory (TRT) database to three different scales-census block group, census tract, and zip code. Then, at the census tract level, we re-aggregated the TRI sites according to three different zoning schemes-concentric rings, sectors, and buffer zones along major transportation routes. The 1990 census data were re-aggregated according to these three scales and three zoning schemes. For each scale and zoning scheme, we conducted multivariate statistical analyses of TRT sites and the characteristics of the surrounding population. Our preliminary results indicate that the scale and zoning scheme used in environment equity analysis can have profound impacts on the conclusions. Environment equity analysis solely based upon one scale or one set of units is not reliable to infer the relationship between the distribution of hazardous facilities and race. Our study further demonstrates that GIS is an immensely powerful tool for conducting environmental equity analysis at multiple scales and using multiple zoning schemes simultaneously.
 

Sun-Gu, S.; P. Hyunwook, (2000). Automatic target recognition using target boundary information in FLIR images. Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference. Signal and Image Processing Proceedings of 2000 Conference on Signal and Image Processing Las Vegas, NV, USA 19-23 Nov. 2000
Anaheim, CA, USA IASTED/ACTA Press, pp.405-10.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Image classification; Image segmentation; Infrared imaging; Military computing; Multilayer perceptrons; Object recognition; Remote sensing; Automatic target recognition; Target boundary information; FLIR images; ATR algorithm; Segmentation; Classification; Forward-looking infrared images; Ground vehicles; Multilayer perceptron ; mlp
Original abstract: A new automatic target recognition (ATR) algorithm has been developed by using target boundary information, which consists of segmentation, feature extraction and classification. The developed ATR algorithm is applied to natural forward-looking infrared (FLIR) images. The targets of interest are ground vehicles that are placed in the field. A target is extracted from background using the proposed segmentation algorithm. Eight features are extracted from the segmented target, such as five Fourier coefficients, target area, target height, and the ratio of height to width of a target. The features are used as inputs of a multilayer perceptron (MLP) used for classification. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides a good performance for automatic target recognition.
 

Sutton, J. (1997). Data attribution and network representation issues in GIS and transportation. Transportation Planning and Technology, V21, (N1-2): 25-44.
Keywords:
 
 

Sutton, J. C.; M. M. Wyman (2000). Dynamic location: an iconic model to synchronize temporal and spatial transportation data. Transportation Research Part C (Emerging Technologies), 8C, (1-6): 37-52.
Keywords: Data models; Geographic information systems; Graphical user interfaces; Object-oriented databases; Query processing; Road traffic; Transportation; Visual databases; Dynamic location; Iconic model; Temporal/spatial transportation data synchronization; Spatially referenced transportation data; Spatial intersect queries; Geographic shapes; Dynamic segmentation works; gis; Single database field; Precise iconic model; Data decomposition; Object model; Dynamic location process; Internet; Enterprise environment; Linear events; Route system; Number lines; Mathematical operations; Cartesian grid; Linear referencing; Stable geodetic datum; Coincidence shapes; Temporal version control; Business process perspective; Spatially enabled database; GIS business functions ; Information technology mainstream
Original Abstract: The paper describes a model to synchronize the management and query of temporal and spatially referenced transportation data in geographic information systems (GIS). The model employs a method referred to as dynamic location, which facilitates spatial intersect queries from geographic shapes without the use of topological relationships. This is the inverse of how dynamic segmentation works in GIS. In contrast to dynamic segmentation, dynamic location stores geometry as an object within a single database field. This is an efficient, precise iconic model superseding the need for data decomposition into a complex set of tables. As an object model, the dynamic location process lends itself to high performance in an Internet, data-intensive, enterprise environment. Linear events are stored as (x,y) features, and not referenced to any route system. Route systems are built from (x, y, m) values (m for measure) and serve as number lines for mathematical operations. Any (x, y) object can then be referenced to either the Cartesian grid or any selected number line. This method offers the benefits of linear referencing, while making full use of a stable geodetic datum. Combinations of any (x, y) events may be placed over any (x, y, m) number line (route) and an intersect determined by looking through stacked (x, y, m) vertices of the coincidence shapes. Since both geometry and shape reside in the same record, the use of "begin" and "end" dates facilitates full spatial and temporal version control. From a business process perspective, this creates a spatially enabled database, pulling GIS business functions back into the information technology mainstream.
 

Suzuki, A.; A. Shio; H. Arai; S. Ohtsuka, (2000). Dynamic shadow compensation of aerial images based on color and spatial analysis. Proceedings 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition. ICPR-2000 Barcelona, Spain 3-7 Sept. 2000
Los Alamitos, CA, USA IEEE Comput. Soc, pp.317-20 vol.1.
Keywords: Compensation; Geography; Image processing; Remote sensing; Dynamic shadow compensation; Aerial images; Color analysis; Spatial analysis; Urban aerial images; Nonshadowed regions; Shadowed regions; Natural tint; A posteriori probabilities; Color features; Low-frequency component image; Intensity compensation ; Saturation compensation
Original abstract: This paper describes a method that can improve the visibility of features in shadowed regions in urban aerial images while retaining nonshadowed regions and the natural tint of shadowed regions automatically. The method first calculates the posteriori probabilities of each pixel belonging to shadowed class or nonshadowed class using color features from a low-frequency component image, and then compensates the intensity and saturation of each pixel in shadowed regions according to the posteriori probabilities. Experimental results indicate the effectiveness of proposed method.
 

Sveinsson, J. R.; J. A. Benediktsson, (2000). Data fusion and feature extraction using tree structured filter banks. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) IGARSS 2000. Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2617-19 vol.6.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image classification; Image processing; Neural nets; Remote sensing; Sensor fusion; Terrain mapping; Wavelet transforms; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Data fusion; Tree structured filter bank; Neural network; Neural net; Wavelet; Translation-invariant wavelet transformation; Wavelet transform ; Scale-frequency domain
Original abstract: Three feature extraction methods are considered for neural network classifiers. The first two feature extraction methods are based on the wavelet and the translation-invariant wavelet transformations. The feature extraction is in these cases based on the fact that the wavelet transformation transforms a signal from the time domain to the scale-frequency domain and is computed at levels with different time/scale-frequency resolution. The third feature extraction method is based on tree structured multirated filter banks but the tree structured filter banks can be tailored for multisource remote sensing and geographic data. In experiments, the proposed feature extraction methods performed well in neural networks classifications of multisource remote sensing and geographic data.
 

Szymanski, J. J.; P. C. Blain; J. J. Bloch; C. M. Brislawn; S. P. Brumby; M. M. Cafferty; M. E. Dunham; J. R. Frigo; M. Gokhale; N. R. Harvey; G. Kenyon; W. Kim; J. Layne; D. D. Lavenier; K. P. McCabe; M. Mitchell; K. R. Moore; S. J. Perkins; R. B. Porter; S. Robinson; A. Salazar; J. Theiler; A. Young, (2000). Advanced processing for high-bandwidth sensor systems. Imaging Spectrometry VI San Diego, CA, USA 31 July-2 Aug. 2000
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.83-90.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Field programmable gate arrays; Genetic algorithms; Geophysical signal processing; Image classification; Infrared imaging; Reconfigurable architectures; Remote sensing; High-bandwidth sensor systems; Advanced image processing; Hyperspectral sensor data; Multispectral sensor data; Reconfigurable computing technology; Feature extraction techniques ; High-gate-density FPGA
Original abstract: The goal of the Deployable Adaptive Processing Systems (DAPS) project is to develop advanced processing hardware and algorithms for high-bandwidth sensor applications. The project has produced electronics for processing multi-and hyper-spectral sensor data, as well as LIDAR data, while employing processing elements using a variety of technologies. The project team is currently working on reconfigurable computing technology and advanced feature extraction techniques, with an emphasis on their application to image and RF signal processing. This paper presents reconfigurable computing technology and advanced feature extraction algorithm work and their application to multi- and hyperspectral image processing. Related projects on genetic algorithms as applied to image processing are introduced, as is the collaboration between the DAPS project and the DARPA Adaptive Computing Systems program.
 

Takayanag, Y.; H. Ohnishi; T. Nakatsukasa; T. Negishi (1998). Applicability system of map platform. Matsushita Technical Journal, 44, (3): 42-9.
Keywords: Automated highways; Geographic information systems; Road traffic; Geographic information system; gis; Intelligent transport systems; Map platform; Windows OS; Map display; Optimum route calculation; Map basic functions; Multifunctional high-performance GIS; Desk-top computers; In-vehicle information systems; Portable terminals; Road management; Traffic control ; Transportation
Original Abstract: GIS (geographic information system) using map data plays an important role in various fields of ITS (intelligent transport systems). The map platform has been developed, on Windows OS, which performs basic functions concerning map data, such as map display and optimum route calculation. As a result, various systems can commonly possess the map basic functions, contributing to efficient development of each system. Furthermore, this map platform using map data characteristics makes possible realization of multifunctional high-performance GIS. The map platform is being applied not only to desk-top computers but also to in-vehicle information systems and portable terminals in various fields, such as road management, traffic control and transportation. Thus, new application fields of GIS are being created.
 

Takeuchi, S.; Y. Suga; C. Yonezawa; A. J. Chen, (2000). Detection of urban disaster using InSAR. A case study for the 1999 Great Taiwan Earthquake. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.339-41 vol.1.
Keywords: Disasters; Earthquakes; Geophysical techniques; Radar imaging; Remote sensing by radar; Spaceborne radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Earthquake; Damage; Geophysical mesurement technique; Urban area; Radar remote sensing; Urban disaster; InSAR; sar; Great Taiwan earthquake; Chi-Chi earthquake; ad 1999 09 21; Interferometric SAR; Terrain mapping; Multi-look intensity image; Dongshi; Coherence ; Taichung
Original abstract: The authors studied the applicability of interferometric SAR (InSAR) using ERS-2 SAR data for detecting damaged urban areas by the Great Taiwan Earthquake (Chi-Chi Earthquake) occurred on Sep. 21, 1999. Three temporal ERS-2 SAR data acquired by Taiwan ground station on Jan. 21, May 6, and Sep. 23, in 1999 were used as the test data. By overlaying two SAR multi-look intensity images before (May 6) and after (Sep. 23) the earthquake, it was found that the damaged urban areas by the earthquake were hardly detected only by the intensity change. On the other hand, the overlay of the two coherence images from the pairs (Jan.-May) and (May-Sep.) indicated that the urban areas damaged severely (e.g. Dongshi) resulted in clear decrease of coherence by the earthquake occurrence, while the coherence in the urban areas not damaged severely (e.g. Taichung) did not change even after the earthquake. The result of this study suggests that InSAR technology has a great potential for detecting urban disasters by earthquake.
 

Takeuchi, S.; C. Yonezawa; Y. Suga, (1998). Extraction of land cover information using JERS-1/SAR interferometry. EUSAR'98. European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar Proceedings of EURSAR '98: Friedrichshafen, Germany 25-27 May 1998
Berlin, Germany VDE VERLAG GMBH, pp.503-6.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Image classification; Radar imaging; Radiowave interferometry; Remote sensing by radar; Spaceborne radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Land cover information extraction; JERS-1/SAR interferometry; Interferometric SAR; InSAR techniques; Mount Fuji; Hiroshima-City; Tokyo-Metropolis; Japan; Forest types; Coherence information; L-band SAR; Urban land; Land cover types ; Spaceborne SAR
Original abstract: The authors investigated the possibility for extracting land cover information using interferometric SAR (InSAR) techniques by JERS-1/SAR. The test sites were Mount Fuji, Hiroshima-City and Tokyo-Metropolis in Japan. At Mount Fuji, the possibility for the discrimination of different forest types was investigated. The results suggested that the coherence information from L-band SAR can be used for the discrimination of different forest types. At Hiroshima-City and Tokyo-Metropolis, the accuracy for the classification of of urban land or forest, the bare land or grass and the water was evaluated in both test sites and it was found that the combination of intensity and coherence brings a fairly high score for the discrimination of the urban from other land cover types. These experimental studies suggest that the coherence information obtained from JERS-1/SAR interferometry can be used to improve the performance of SAR data for the extraction of land cover information.
 

Tan Hwee, P.; U. Ramanathan, (2000). Intelligent selection of useful features for optimal feature-based classification. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) IGARSS 2000. Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.3012-14 vol.7.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Geophysics computing; Image classification; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Military vehicle; Intelligent selection; Useful feature; Optimal feature-based classification; Feature-based classification; Target class; Reference feature vector; Intelligent features selection method; Minimum intra-class variance; Inter-class variance; Tank; apc ; Truck
Original abstract: In feature-based classification, each target class is characterised by a reference feature vector that comprises a combination of physical and statistical attributes. Different combinations of features are useful to distinguish amongst different target classes. In this study, an intelligent features selection method is proposed which selects features with minimum intra-class variance/inter-class variance. Classification results obtained with MSTAR data for tanks, APCs and trucks have shown a significant improvement in classification performance over using all measured features.
 

Tanaka, S.; T. Sugimura (2001). A new frontier of remote sensing from IKONOS images. International Journal of Remote Sensing, V22, (N1): 1-5.
Keywords: IKONOS satellite
 
 

Tao, L.; S. Oe; H. Murai; K. Inouchi (2001). Mountain areas extraction by introduction of wavelet transform and its application to ridge lines detection. Journal of the Institute of Image Electronics Engineers of Japan, 30, (3): 293-7.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Filtering theory; Object detection; Radar imaging; Remote sensing by radar; Statistical analysis; Synthetic aperture radar; Wavelet transforms; Mountain areas extraction; Wavelet transform; Ridge lines detection; Image analysis; Digital elevation models; Wavelet-based method; Mountain ridge lines detection; Synthetic aperture radar images; SAR images; High frequency signals; Average variance; Histogram analysis; Temporal mountain areas; Laplacian of Gaussian filter; LoG filter ; ERS-1/SAR data
Original Abstract: Ridge lines are useful geometric feature for image analysis, in which mountain ridge lines are important in obtaining digital elevation models (DEMs). This paper presents a wavelet-based method to detect mountain ridge lines for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. First, ridge lines of mountains as high frequency signals are emphasized by the wavelet transform; then average variance judgement and histogram analysis, which are supplement of the wavelet transform, are used to extract temporal mountain areas (MA) and final MA respectively; finally, a Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) filter is used to detect ridge lines in the final MA. The method is illustrated by 550*550 ERS-1/SAR data and satisfactory results are presented.
 

Tarchi, D.; H. Rudolf; M. Pieraccini; C. Atzeni (2000). Remote monitoring of buildings using a ground-based SAR: application to cultural heritage survey. International Journal of Remote Sensing, V21, (N18): 3545-3551.
Keywords: InSAR , deformation monitoring
Original Abstract: In this Letter, the authors describe an innovative application of radar interferometric techniques aimed to monitor structural deformations of buildings. The proposed application is based on the use of ground-based instrumentation able to operate as Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). Preliminary experimental results on a model of an historical building encourage the development of this technique for use in architectural heritage survey.
 

Taylor, R. G., (1995). Geographic information and school facility planning. Information Technology in Educational Management Proceedings International Conference on Information Technology in Educational Management Jerusalem, Israel July 1994
London, UK Chapman & Hall, pp.153-61.
Keywords: Decision support systems; Educational administrative data processing; Forecasting theory; Geographic information systems; Mathematical programming; Planning; Geographic information; School facility planning; Forecasts; Future-oriented methodologies; Out-of-capacity status; Capital projects; Nonlinear discrete optimizer; gams 2.25; minos 5 ; Attendance boundaries
Original abstract: Recent advances in microprocessor technology have made it possible to find mathematically optimal solutions for school facility planning. Beginning with accurate forecasts based on historical data (such as those available through gradient search, cohort survival methodologies), and supplemented by future-oriented methodologies (such as traditional land use studies), it is possible to gauge expected future growth in a school system and to allocate that growth to specific regions. By disaggregating growth to the building attendance-area level and comparing that disaggregation to building capacities, the out-of-capacity (OOC) status for each building for each future year can be determined. By color coding the OOC status for each building for any one year, a computer-generated map can be used to examine geographic relationships of OOC problems. Here the most significant recent advance in technology comes to bear upon the problem, finding the optimal location for capital projects (new construction, expansion, replacement, or closing). Using a nonlinear discrete optimizer (such as GAMS 2.25, driving MINOS 5) the geographic coordinates of new schools can be identified, and the selection of existing schools for capital projects can be specified, such that transportation is minimized and all other mathematically specified school board policies are honored (racial balance, overcrowding, etc.). Finally, simple binary programming can be used to fix the attendance boundaries for all new and existing schools, assuming that student locations or addresses have previously been geocoded.
 

TexasTransportationInstitute (1998). Non ground-breaking news. Texas Transportation Researcher, 34, (2).
Keywords: http://tti.tamu.edu/researcher/v34n2/gpr.stm
 
 

Theriault, M.; C. Claramunt; P. Y. Villeneuve, (1999). A spatio-temporal taxonomy for the representation of spatial set behaviours. Spatio-Temporal Database Management. International Workshop STDBM'99. Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol.1678) Spatio-Temporal Database Management. International Workshop STDBM'99 Proceedings Edinburgh, UK 10-11 Sept. 1999
Berlin, Germany Springer-Verlag, pp.1-18.
Keywords: Data structures; Geographic information systems; Statistical analysis; Temporal databases; Transportation; Visual databases; Spatio-temporal taxonomy; Spatial set behaviour representation; Spatio-temporal databases; Independent entities; Dynamic applications; Spatial entities; Common properties; Transportation GIS; Activity-event matrix; Entity behaviours; Travel activities; Transportation network; Disaggregate travel choices behaviour; Joint spatial distribution; Geographical entities; Travel behaviour; Metropolitan areas; Entity sets; Statistical indexes; Geographical patterns; Spatiotemporal database representations ; Spatial pattern evolution
Original abstract: Currently, most models proposed for spatio-temporal databases describe changes that involve independent entities. However, many dynamic applications need new models to relate evolution of spatial entities linked by common properties and constraints or relationships. In transportation GIS, an activity-event matrix describes individual entity behaviours, travel activities and routes on a transportation network. On the other hand, modelling disaggregate travel choices behaviour for several entities implies the identification of new mechanisms to describe the evolution of their joint spatial distribution. The paper introduces and describes the concept of sets of geographical entities needed for the analysis of travel behaviour in metropolitan areas. We propose a taxonomy for the description of the evolution of entity sets in space and the selection of appropriate statistical indexes to analyse their geographical patterns. Such a framework may become a reference for the development of spatiotemporal database representations of spatial pattern evolution.
 

Theriault, M.; D. Leroux; M. H. Vandersmissen, (1998). Modelling travel route and time within GIS: its use for planning. Simulation Technology: Science and Art. 10th European Simulation Symposium 1998. ESS'98 Simulation Technology: Science and Art. 10th European Simulation Symposium 1998. ESS'98 Nottingham, UK 26-28 Oct. 1998
San Diego, CA, USA SCS, pp.402-7.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Town and country planning; Traffic engineering computing; Transportation; Travel route modelling; gis; Simulation procedure; Optimal routes; Impedance costs; Travel times; OD survey database; Canadian postal codes; Street blocks; TransCAD GIS software; Topological road network; Maximal speed; Functional class; Urban areas; School; Traffic map; Topological errors; Traffic congestion; Mobility behaviour; Housing markets; Urban studies; Travel patterns; North American cities; Space-time analysis; Pentium based PC; Transportation agencies ; Small research projects
Original abstract: The paper presents a modelling and simulation procedure to evaluate optimal routes (minimising impedance costs) and to compute travel times for each individual trip of an OD survey database. Canadian postal codes provide accurate locations within street blocks for each trip beginning and ending points. Using TransCAD GIS software, the procedure finds the best routes through a topological road network. Each road (link in the network) is characterised by a maximal speed related to the functional class of the road, to its location in rural or urban areas, and to the distance from the nearest school. Turn and transfer penalties govern movements at the intersections. Moreover, the procedure calculates the number of persons travelling on every road (network link) to estimate a traffic map used to detect topological errors in the network and to estimate traffic congestion. Simulation results are totally disaggregated, making them suitable to model mobility behaviour of individuals and households. They are key inputs in procedures for evaluating the impact of transportation on housing markets (accessibility and traffic noise). Their availability for urban studies enables comparison of travel patterns among specific groups of persons. This procedure adds value to costly survey data that are already available in many North American cities, and enable space-time analysis of individuals' activities. The entire procedure can be run efficiently using a Pentium based PC, even with large sample size (more than 100000 trips). Hardware and software implementation costs are low, making the computation tool available to transportation agencies and small research projects.
 

Thill, J. C. (2000). Geographic information systems for transportation in perspective. Transportation Research Part C-Emerging Technologies, V8, (N1-6): 3-12.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: The late 1980s saw the first widespread use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in transportation research and management. Due to the specific requirements of transportation applications and of the rather late adoption of this information technology in transportation, research has been directed toward enhancing existing GIS approaches to enable the full range of capabilities needed in transportation research and management. This paper places the concept of transportation GIS in the broader perspective of research in GIS and Geographic Information Science. The emphasis is placed on the requirements specific of the transportation domain of application of this emerging information technology as well as on core research challenges.
 

Thill, J. C. (2000). Special issue - Geographic information systems in transportation research - Preface. Transportation Research Part C-Emerging Technologies, V8, (N1-6): 1.
Keywords:
 
 

Thill, J. C. (1995). TransCAD: a transportation GIS software. URISA Journal, 7, (1): 79-83.
Keywords: cad; Geographic information systems; Software reviews; Traffic engineering computing; Transportation; Transportation GIS software; TransCAD; Software package ; Software performance
Original Abstract: Early geographic information systems (GIS) were developed for the sole purpose of providing computerized tools to store, retrieve and display geographically referenced information. In spite of early calls for some analytical capability (Abler 1987; Goodchild 1987), few systems have so far evolved towards the integration of GIS functionality and modeling and analytical features. Caliper Corporation's TransCAD product is a remarkable exception. The article describes the main features of this software package and assesses its performance.
 

Thong, C. M.; W. G. Wong (1997). Using GIS to design a traffic information database for urban transport planning. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 21, (6): 425-43.
Keywords: Computer graphics; Geographic information systems; Multimedia computing; Town and country planning; Traffic information systems; Visual databases; Geographical information system; gis; Urban transport planning; Traffic information database design; South-East Kowloon redevelopment area; Efficient data input; Efficient data retrieval; Transportation planners; Network travel demand projection; Network travel demand evaluation; Realistic simulations; Scenario comparison tools; Network flow change; Database management process ; Multimedia information
Original Abstract: The aim of the paper is to describe the development of a prototype geographical information system (GIS) for urban transport planning in a district of a South-East Kowloon redevelopment area. The GIS database is developed with consideration of efficient data input and retrieval process in a way that is most useful to transportation planners for network travel demand projection and evaluation purposes. The GIS-transportation (GIS-T) database is designed for (a) realistic simulations of network in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional forms, (b) manipulating various types of transport-related information in one consistent database, and (c) supporting tools for scenario comparison between existing and future network flow change in a predefined study area. The results show that GIS-T would refine the database management process and demonstrate the potential of linking computer graphics and multimedia information in transport planning. More importantly, both existing and future network-flow performance are interactively displayed in graphical formats and, therefore, transport planners can gain a better understanding and insight to assess the performance of the proposed transportation system.
 

Torkar, D.; N. Pavesic, (1996). Feature extraction from aerial images and structural stereo matching. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Vienna, Austria 25-29 Aug. 1996
Los Alamitos, CA, USA IEEE Comput. Soc. Press, pp.880-4 vol.3.
Keywords: Edge detection; Feature extraction; Graph theory; Image matching; Remote sensing; Search problems; Stereo image processing; Aerial images; Structural stereo matching; 3D object recovering; Straight line segments; Relational subgraphs; Correspondence graph; Searching algorithm ; Urban scenes
Original abstract: In this paper, a method of generating structural descriptions of stereo image pairs and their matching to recover 3D form of objects in space, is discussed. The method consists of the following steps: 1) straight line segments are extracted in both images and the relational among them are investigated; and 2) the relational subgraphs are constructed and the correspondence graph is created. Using the "stable marriage" searching algorithm the features in one image corresponding to features in the other image are found. The method was tested on a set of aerial stereo images of urban scenes.
 

Torma, J. A.; B. J. Arroyo, (1999). Travel behaviors and remote sensing. 1998 International Symposium on Microelectronics San Diego, CA, USA 1-4 Nov. 1998
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.910-12.
Keywords: Cellular radio; Geographic information systems; Global Positioning System; Reliability; Remote sensing; Road traffic; Town and country planning; Traffic control; Traffic engineering computing; Transportation; Travel behavior; Information capture; Urban travel patterns; Transportation systems; Drivers; Trip logs; Training; Planning; Reliable data; Trip log accuracy; Trip log cost; Geographic positioning systems; Cellular communication; Data storage devices; Trip data collection; Driver data recording technology ; gps
Original abstract: The use of emerging technology to assist with capturing information about urban travel patterns is becoming a reality. Traditional methods to understand how drivers use transportation systems has involved keeping lengthy and complex trip logs that require a fair degree of training for all parties to produce reliable data for planning purposes. These trip logs often are inaccurate and costly to obtain. Advances in geographic positioning systems, cellular communication and data storage devices makes the collection of trip making much more accurate and removes much of the need to have drivers recording data by hand. This paper explores this application and some of the advances in the use of technology to assist with this problem.
 

Torma, M.; J. Koskinen, (1998). Land-use classification using multitemporal ERS-1, Radarsat and JERS SAR-images. IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174) Seattle, WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.2125-7 vol.4.
Keywords: Agriculture; Feature extraction; Forestry; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Geophysics computing; Image classification; Image sequences; Image texture; Radar imaging; Remote sensing by radar; Self-organising feature maps; Spaceborne radar; Geophysical measurement technique; Terrain mapping; Vegetation mapping; Town; City; Radar remote sensing; Synthetic aperture radar; sar; Land use; Land surface; Multitemporal; ers-1; Radarsat; JERS SAR-images; Image sequence; Forest; Agricultural field; Mire; Urban area; Median filtering; Speckle reduction; Principal component analysis; Spectral classification; Self-organizing feature map; Learning vector quantization; Contextual classification; Context; Image processing ; Post-processing
Original abstract: Land-use classification was performed by using a set of ERS-1, JERS- and Radarsat images. Classes were water, forests (with subclasses according to stem volume), agricultural field, mire and urban area. Median filtering was used for speckle reduction and principal component analysis for feature extraction. Spectral classification was performed by using self-organizing feature map and learning vector quantization. Contextual classification was performed as a post-processing step. The overall accuracy of the spectral classification was 86.4% and the best contextual classification 89.8%.
 

Truch, P.; R. Anderson, (1996). Solid waste collection route design in a G.I.S. environment-phase one. URISA Proceedings, Annual Conference. Papers from the Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association Proceedings of URISA 1996 Annual Meeting on Information Systems Salt Lake City, UT, USA 27 July-1 Aug. 1996
Washington, DC, USA Urban & Regional Inf. Syst. Assoc, pp.142-52.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Public administration; Transportation; Waste disposal; Solid waste collection route design; gis; Core data sets; Vision; Oracle; Land parcel; Block-face polygons; Civic census structure data; Pentium based personal computer; Exceed; Data maintenance ; Geographic information system
Original abstract: The City of Calgary has been developing core sets of data across the Corporation in a GIS environment since 1992 (Evans and Lethaby; Haley; 1995). Over the past two decades, the Solid Waste Services Division has been developing, refining and implementing a solid waste route collection system and methodology in an operating environment (Anderson, 1976). A blending of the two came in the Fall of 1995 with the pilot development of a route design (phase one) in a Vision*(R)/Oracle(R) environment utilizing core sets of data including parcel, block-face polygons, and civic census structure data augmented with specific route design parameters-time/base dwelling units, truck types, crew sizes and haul distances. The development environment included testing of a Pentium(R) based PC running Exceed(R) to do spatial data maintenance. This paper outlines what has been accomplished with the completion of phase one and discusses the next implementation phases leading to a full operations environment.
 

Tsai, F.; W. Philpot (1998). Derivative analysis of hyperspectral data. Remote Sensing of Environment, V66, (N1): 41-51.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: With the goal of applying derivative spectral analysis to analyze high-resolution, spectrally continuous remote sensing data, several smoothing and derivative computation algorithms have been reviewed and modified to develop a set of cross-platform spectral analysis tools. Emphasis was placed on exploring different smoothing and derivative algorithms to extract spectral details from spectral data sets. A modular program was created to perform interactive derivative analysis. This module calculated derivatives using either a convolution (Savitzky¯Golay) or finite divided difference approximation algorithm. Spectra were smoothed using one of the three built-in smoothing algorithms (Savitzky¯Golay smoothing, Kawata¯Minami smoothing, and mean-filter smoothing) prior to the derivative computation procedures. Laboratory spectral data were used to test the performance of the implemented derivative analysis module. An algorithm for detecting the absorption band positions was executed on synthetic spectra and a soybean fluorescence spectrum to demonstrate the usage of the implemented modules in extracting spectral features. Issues related to smoothing and spectral deviation caused by the smoothing or derivative computation algorithms were also observed and are discussed. A scaling effect, resulting from the migration of band separations when using the finite divided difference approximation derivative algorithm, can be used to enhance spectral features at the scale of specified sampling interval and remove noise or features smaller than the sampling interval.
 

Tsamboulas, D.; G. Mikroudis (2000). EFECT evaluation framework of environmental impacts and costs of transport initiatives. Transportation Research, Part D (Transport and Environment), 5D, (4): 283-303.
Keywords: Cost-benefit analysis; Decision trees; Environmental factors; Fuzzy set theory; Geographic information systems; Transportation; EFECT evaluation framework; Environmental impacts; Transport initiatives; Generalised methodological framework; Transportation projects; Multi-criteria analysis; Geographical regions; Time periods; Time impacts; Spatial impacts; Transportation networks ; Sensitivity testing
Original Abstract: EFECT is a generalised methodological framework for evaluating the impacts resulting from transportation projects with a specific orientation to environmental impacts. The innovative aspect of the methodological framework is the combination of multi-criteria analysis (MCA) with cost-benefit analysis (CBA) methods to come up with an overall assessment of transport initiatives' impacts over different geographical regions and time periods. Thus, it addresses both spatial and time impacts of transportation networks for all modes. The framework comprises four steps: structuring, weighting, rating, and exploring. Uncertainty is explicitly treated in the framework through fuzzy sets or, indirectly, through sensitivity testing. EFECT, using an additive function combining MCA and CBA methods, provides simplicity and intuitive understanding of results. This allows the use of either a core approach with a basic set of criteria and weights, or the application of a more detailed evaluation, when needed. The way EFECT is applied and the results produced are presented through a case-study example.
 

Tu, T. M. (2000). Unsupervised signature extraction and separation in hyperspectral images: a noise-adjusted fast independent component analysis approach. Optical Engineering, V39, (N4): 897-906.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: Multispectral/hyperspectral imaging spectrometry in earth remote sensing applications mostly focuses on determining the identity and abundance of materials in a geographic area of interest. Without any prior knowledge, however, it is generally very difficult to identify and determine how many endmembers reside in a scene. We cope with this limitation by estimating the number of endmembers using a noise-adjusted version of the transformed Gerschgorin disk approach (NATGD). This estimated result is then applied to a noise-adjusted version of fast independent component analysis (NAFICA). Experimental results indicate that NAFICA offers a new approach for unsupervised signature extraction and separation in hyperspectral images. ©2000 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
 

Tuytelaars, T.; L. Van Gool; M. Proesmans; T. Moons, (1998). The cascaded Hough transform as an aid in aerial image interpretation. Sixth International Conference on Computer Vision (IEEE Cat. No.98CH36271) Proceedings of IEEE 6th International Conference on Computer Vision Bombay, India 4-7 Jan. 1998
New Delhi, India Narosa Publishing House, pp.67-72.
Keywords: Hough transforms; Image classification; Remote sensing; Aerial image interpretation; Cascaded Hough transform; Suburban areas; Urban areas; Iterated application; Straight lines; Vanishing points ; Vanishing lines
Original abstract: Cartography and other applications of remote sensing have led to an increased interest in the (semi-)automatic interpretation of structures in aerial images of urban and suburban areas. Although these areas are particularly challenging because of their complexity, the degree of regularity in such man-made structures also helps to tackle the problems. The paper presents the iterated application of the Hough transform as a means to exploit such regularities. It shows how such *Cascaded Hough Transform' (or CHT for short) yields straight lines, vanishing points, and vanishing lines. It also illustrates how the latter assist in improving the precision of the former. The examples are based on real aerial photographs.
 

United States. Dept. of Transportation; United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2000). Commercial remote sensing technologies application to transportation : a partnership for advancing transportation practice. Washington D.C., U.S. Dept. of Transportation : National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
 

Usai, S. (2000). An analysis of the interferometric characteristics of anthropogenic features. Ieee Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, V38, (N3): 1491-1497.
Keywords: INSAR data , interferometric characteristics, road deformation
Synopsis: Differential SAR Interferometry (D-INSAR) data are used to study interferometric phase stability of manmade features. In a case study of a road feature, authors conclude that deformation signals within the road can be detected using this differential technique.
Original Abstract: A study of the interferometric characteristics of manmade features is presented. Tests for the assessment of their phase stability are applied for two case studies. The results indicate that small features show spatially homogeneous phase information in a single interferogram and that this information remains stable also in time even at the level of single pixels.
 

Usai, S.; R. Klees, (1999). On the interferometric characteristics of anthropogenic features. IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293) Hamburg, Germany 28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.1734-6 vol.3.
Keywords: Geodesy; Geophysical techniques; Remote sensing by radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Terrain mapping; Topography (Earth); Geophysical measurement technique; Urban site; Land use; Land surface; InSAR; Interferometric SAR; Radar remote sensing; Anthropogenic feature; Interferometric characteristics; Deformation; SAR interferometry; Long term interferogram; Interferometric phase information; Highly coherent feature; The Netherlands; Subsiding area; Subsidence ; Vertical motion
Original abstract: A new approach for the measurement of deformations with SAR interferometry in scarcely decorrelated, long term interferograms is presented. The approach makes use of the interferometric phase information from highly coherent features, mostly of anthropogenic nature. The method has been applied to measure the deformations in a subsiding area in The Netherlands and the results turned out to be in good agreement with those from a pre-existing subsidence model.
 

USDOT
FTA National Transit GIS: Data Standards, Guidelines and Recommended Practices
USDOT, Federal Transit Administration
http://www.fta.dot.gov/library/technology/GIS/ntgistds/NTGISTDS.HTM
Keywords: USDOT, transportation - GIS guidelines
 
 

Vandekerckhove, J.; D. Frere; T. Moons; L. Van Gool, (1997). 3D reconstruction of generic house roofs from aerial images of urban areas. Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Synthetic Aperture Radar for Remote Sensing London, UK 22-26 Sept. 1997
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.352-63.
Keywords: Edge detection; Geography; Image matching; Image reconstruction; Image segmentation; Remote sensing; Stereo image processing; 3D reconstruction; Generic house roofs; Aerial images; Urban areas; 3D models; Residential areas; Homogeneous regions; Photometric properties; Chromatic properties; Constraint triangulation network; Stereo matching; Straight line segments; Bundle adjustment procedure; Reconstructed line segments; Coplanar configurations; Polygonal patch hypotheses; Consistency verification; Combinatorics; Topology; Metric accuracy; Recovered model; Reprojection error ; Brussels
Original abstract: A method is presented to automatically generate 3D models of house roofs from aerial images of residential areas in urban sites. First, homogeneous regions with consistent photometric and chromatic properties corresponding to roof structures are delineated in the images by navigating through a constraint triangulation network. Stereo matching of straight line segments is performed between corresponding regions only. Line segments that are matched across at least three views are reconstructed by a bundle adjustment procedure. The reconstructed line segments are then grouped into coplanar configurations and polygonal patch hypotheses are formed. Subsequently each polygon hypothesis is subjected to a consistency verification with respect to the 3D reconstruction and the original image data, and, if necessary, corrected accordingly. Observe that the combinatorics are kept under control by processing one region at a time. In the next stage, the polygons are glued together into a roof model. The emphasis here is on extracting the correct topology of the roof structure. The metric accuracy of the reconstruction is obtained in an additional step by backprojecting the recovered model of the roof structure onto the images and minimizing the total reprojection error. The viability of this approach has been tested on a state-of-the-art dataset or aerial images of residential areas in Brussels.
 

Vane, G.; R. O. Green; T. G. Chrien; H. T. Enmark; E. G. Hansen; W. M. Porter (1993). The Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (Aviris). Remote Sensing of Environment, V44, (N2-3): 127-143.
Keywords: AVIRIS
 
 

VanGelder, P.; M. Miller, (1996). GIS as an aid in the evaluation of drainage facilities at the Albany County Airport, New York. Proceedings AWRA Annual Symposium. GIS and Water Resources Proceedings of 32nd Annual Conference on GIS and Water Resources Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA 22-26 Sept. 1996
Herndon, VA, USA American Water Resources Assoc, pp.295-303.
Keywords: Airports; Civil engineering computing; Geographic information systems; Inspection; Maintenance engineering; Planning; Records management; Storms; Customized GIS; Geographic information system; Drainage facilities evaluation; NY Albany County Airport, USA; Cost-effective application; Planning tool; Surface water resources; Interactive tool; Regional transportation facility; On-site inspections; Records management system; Thematic maps; Cleaning programs; Maintenance needs identification; Link-node network; Dynamic wave watershed model; Storm Water Management Model; Regional stormwater master plan; Stormwater management decision information ; Facility management task automation
Original abstract: Presents a cost-effective application of a customized GIS, describing how the GIS was used as a planning tool in the evaluation of surface water resources and adapted to provide an interactive tool for the management of these resources at a major regional transportation facility. Extensive research and on-site inspections were conducted to compile information about the system elements installed over a period of more than 68 years. The GIS was used to: produce a current (and updatable) records management system; generate thematic maps; record and track information about inspection and cleaning programs; and assist the user in the identification of future maintenance needs. The system was represented as a link-node network to facilitate incorporation into a dynamic wave watershed model-the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). The results of the SWMM were used to evaluate existing conditions, determine necessary improvements and to develop a regional stormwater master plan. The recommendations presented in the master plan were later incorporated into the GIS to provide stormwater management decision information for all future development. Provisions have been made to expand the GIS to automate other facility management tasks.
 

Vogel, U., (1996). Ice early warning systems GFMS and environmental data acquisition systems. Proceedings. 16th Conference on Transportation Systems. Automation in Transportation '96 16th Conference on Transportation Systems. Automation in Transportation '96 Split, Croatia 27-29 Nov. 1996
Zagreb, Croatia KoREMA, pp.46-9.
Keywords: Data acquisition; Environmental factors; Geographic information systems; Geophysics computing; Humidity measurement; Humidity sensors; Ice; Maintenance engineering; Remote sensing; Temperature measurement; Ice early warning systems; Environmental data acquisition systems; Glatte Fruh Melde Systeme; Environment protection; Economic winter service; Road situations; Weather situations; Road weather condition; Maintenance people; National information service ; State-owned weather service
Original abstract: Ice early warning systems (Glatte Fruh Melde Systeme) GFMS are valuable tools for a modern, efficient, environment protection and economic winter service. They analyse weather and road situations and allow thanks to modern communication techniques a quick data exchange between a lot of responsible people for winter service. They provide, at correct conception, a global overview over the total road weather condition in a country. Additional services, such as e.g. forecasts of weather situations or automatic call for service to the maintenance people bring safety, help reduce costs and provide comfort in places, where it is advisable and acceptable. With the beginning of the conception of GFMS a national information service should be the target. The state-owned weather service should be taken into account in the conception to become a possible constituent part of the whole system. It is suggestive to put standards, e.g. in the matter of communication.
 

Wagner, M. J. (1998). A GIS dream comes true. GIS World, 11, (1): 58-60.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Government data processing; Internet; Office automation; GIS benefits; Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development; GIS derived geographic maps; Paperless environment; Intranet; Public access; Geographic information; Multimedia GIS; GeoMedia software package; Modular GIS Environment; GeoMedia Web Map ; Public Internet
Original Abstract: GIS benefits that weren't even possible a few short years ago have been realized at the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development. Today, staff create GIS derived geographic maps in minutes, they connect various departments together and create a paperless environment via an intranet. They provide the public with access to various geographic information and map via the Internet. They plan to create a multimedia GIS. GIS is no longer an enigma; a function done *down the hall'. The developments were realized using Huntsville, Ala. based Intergraph Corporation's GeoMedia software package. An extension to Intergraph's Modular GIS Environment (MGE) foundation already in LADOTD's GIS, GeoMedia and Intergraph's Web based mapping product GeoMedia Web Map enabled the implementation of an intranet and public Internet.
 

Warner, T. A.; M. C. Shank (1997). Spatial autocorrelation analysis of hyperspectral imagery for feature selection. Remote Sensing of Environment, V60, (N1): 58-70.
Keywords: hyperspectral data analysis , feature extraction, Narrowband feature selection, Broadband feature selection
Original Abstract: The spatial information in a single spectral image can be estimated from the spatial autocorrelation, which is a measure of how the local variation compares with the overall variance in a scene. In images of random noise, the local variation tends to be similar to the overall variance. In contrast, scenes in which large features can be discerned have clusters of pixels with similar values, which cause the local variation to be much smaller on average than the overall scene variance. A comparison of the autocorrelation of images formed by the ratios of two spectral bands is an excellent way to determine which combinations provide the best spectral representation of objects greater in size than the spatial resolution of the sensor. This is because an image formed from the ratios of two nonredundant bands will enhance spectral objects and thus tend to have greater spatial autocorrelation than the ratio of two bands that are very similar. Ratios are a particularly effective method of combining images because this operation tends to reduce the effect of illumination differences and to enhance spectral features. Feature selection is the process of finding a subset of the original bands that provides an optimal trade-off between probability of error and classification cost (Swain and Davis, 1978). Three feature selection problems are addressed in this paper: (1) narrow band feature selection,which is the selection of a subset of individual bands; (2) broad band feature selection, in which groups of adjacent bands are selected, and (3) nonadjacent multiple band feature selection, in which selection of the groups of bands is not limited to adjacent bands. Spatial autocorrelation is useful in all three feature selection problems. Narrow band feature selection is carried out by ranking the spatial autocorrelation of all possible combinations of ratioed bands. Broad band feature selection can be carried out by iteratively grouping adjacent bands that are the most similar. If the grouping is started from the previously identified best bands, it is possible to develop a metric to check that the incorporation of each additional band to the group enhances the spatial autocorrelation of all the groups of bands together. Nonadjacent multiple band feature selection is simply an extension of the broad band case, except any of the original bands can potentially be grouped in any of the features. Tests with simulated data indicate that the spatial autocorrelation based methods consistently identify the best bands or groups of bands. Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data of eastern Washington state are used to illustrate the technique on real data. The results suggest that visible and near-infrared bands provide a large proportion of the spectral and spatial information in that scene. Adjacent bands in many cases provide similar information, but there are important exceptions such as on the red edge of the infra-red plateau.
 

Washer, G.
TFHRC
Developing NDE Technologies for Infrastructure Assessment
Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC)
http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/jan00/nde.htm
Keywords: Non-destructive evaluation (NDE)
 
 

Wasilewski, A. A.; N. L. Faust; W. Ribarsky, (1999). Semi-automated and interactive construction of 3D urban terrains. Modeling, Simulation, and Visualization for Real and Virtual Environments Orlando, FL, USA 7-8 April 1999
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.31-8.
Keywords: Fully automated techniques; Semi-automated tools; 3D urban model; VGIS interface ; VGIS database
Original abstract: We have developed a set of tools that attack the problem of rapid construction of 3D urban terrains containing buildings, roads, trees, and other features. Heretofore, the process of creating such databases has been painstaking, with no integrated set of tools to model individual buildings, apply textures, place objects accurately with respect to other objects, and insert them into a database structure appropriate for real time display. Since fully automated techniques for routinely building 3D urban environments using machine vision have not yet been entirely successful, our approach has been to build a set of semi-automated tools that support and make efficient a human interpreter, running a PC under Windows NT. The tools use remote sensing technologies and thus are applicable to the general case of not having close access to urban data (e.g., collections of buildings may be in foreign or hostile environments), but can use close-up image data if provided. Once we have the 3D urban model, we face the problems of final precise alignment of objects and real time visualization. We attack both problems by providing an interface to VGIS (D. Koller et al., 1995), our high resolution global terrain visualization system. Typically data from different sources, such as phototextures, building models, maps, and terrain elevations, do not register precisely when put together. VGIS provides accurate, real time display of all these data products. Our tools provide a porting mechanism for bringing the urban data into VGIS where it can be interactively aligned. The data are then organized into a VGIS database for real time display.
 

Wegmuller, U.; T. Strozzi, (1998). Characterization of differential interferometry approaches. EUSAR'98. European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar Proceedings of EURSAR '98: European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar Friedrichshafen, Germany 25-27 May 1998
Berlin, Germany VDE VERLAG GMBH, pp.237-40.
Keywords: Radiowave interferometry; Remote sensing by radar; Spaceborne radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Differential SAR interferometry; 2-pass differential interferometry; 3-pass differential interferometry; 4-pass differential interferometry ; Spaceborne SAR
Original abstract: Different approaches of 2-, 3- and 4-pass differential SAR interferometry are presented and its potential and limitations are discussed. The focus is on the methodology and not on a specific application example.
 

Wegmuller, U.; T. Strozzi; G. Bitelli, (1999). Validation of ERS differential SAR interferometry for land subsidence mapping: the Bologna case study. IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293) Hamburg, Germany 28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.1131-3 vol.2.
Keywords: Geomorphology; Radiowave interferometry; Spaceborne radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Terrain mapping; Time series; ERS differential SAR interferometry; Land subsidence mapping; Bologna case study; Italy; Urban area; City; Vertical movements; Spatial gradient; Levelling data; ERS-1/2 data; AD 1992 08 to 1996 05; Levelling surveys; Cost effectiveness; Resolution ; Accuracy
Original abstract: The city of Bologna, Italy, is ideal to assess the potential of ERS differential SAR interferometry for land subsidence mapping in urban areas for a couple of reasons: the subsiding area is large and presents important velocities of the vertical movements; there is a typical spatial gradient of the vertical movements; many ERS SAR frames are available; a large scientific community is involved in the study of subsidence; a large amount of levelling data is available. The authors analyze a time series of ERS-1/2 data from August 1992 to May 1996 and compare the subsidence maps derived from ERS SAR interferometry and levelling surveys. The authors conclude that for the mapping of land subsidence in urban environments ERS differential SAR interferometry is complementary to levelling surveys and GPS with regard to cost effectiveness, resolution and accuracy.
 

Wehn, H.; N. Goldstein; I. Burke; T. Bult, (1998). Hyperspectral mosaicking, coregistration and change detection. 1998 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.98TH8339) 1998 IEEE Aerospace Conference. Proceedings Snowmass at Aspen, CO, USA 21-28 March 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.13-20 vol.2.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Image recognition; Image registration; Remote sensing; Spectral analysis; Hyperspectral mosaicking; Coregistration; Change detection; Geobox; Hawkeye; Quantitative automatic hyperspectral data exploitation; Sensor data; Airborne hyperspectral sensors; Atmospheric correction; Precision geometric processing; Subpixel analysis; Framed image data; User-configurable set; Geometric corrections; Radiometric corrections; Geocoding; Orthorectification; Forest changes; Urban construction; Disturbed soil ; Military targets
Original abstract: This paper describes an integrated pair of tools, Geobox and Hawkeye, that facilitate quantitative, automatic hyperspectral data exploitation by covering the entire end-to-end processing chain from sensor data to end-user products. With the maturing of airborne hyperspectral sensors and the imminent launch of many satellites with hyperspectral imaging capabilities, we are on the threshold of operationally exploiting this data for commercial and military uses. While some researchers focus on individual steps in this chain, such as atmospheric correction, precision geometric processing, or subpixel analysis techniques, the Geobox and Hawkeye tools described here are a compilation and integration of the best available research from one end of the chain to the other. Geobox takes framed image data from a variety of sensors and performs a user-configurable set of geometric and radiometric corrections including geocoding, coregistration, orthorectification, mosaicking, and atmospheric correction. Hawkeye integrates a range of algorithms into a common framework to detect, classify, and map forest changes, urban construction, disturbed soil, and targets of military concern.
 

Wehr, A.; U. Lohr (1999). Airborne laser scanning - an introduction and overview. Isprs Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, V54, (N2-3): 68-82.
Keywords: airborne laser scanning , hyperspectral data analysis, feature extraction, Narrowband feature selection, Broadband feature selection
Synopsis: This paper discusses the two classes of laser - pulse and continuous wave, followed by a summary of scanning processes (figures of equipment and mechanics).
Original Abstract: This tutorial paper gives an introduction and overview of various topics related to airborne laser scanning (ALS) as used to measure range to and reflectance of objects on the earth surface. After a short introduction, the basic principles of laser, the two main classes, i.e., pulse and continuous-wave lasers, and relations with respect to time-of-flight, range, resolution, and precision are presented. The main laser components and the role of the laser wavelength, including eye safety considerations, are explained. Different scanning mechanisms and the integration of laser with GPS and INS for position and orientation determination are presented. The data processing chain for producing digital terrain and surface models is outlined. Finally, a short overview of applications is given.
 

Wehr, A.; U. Lohr; E. Baltsavias (1999). Theme issue on airborne laser scanning. Isprs Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, V54, (N2-3): 61-63.
Keywords:
 
 

Weigel, D.; B. Cao (1999). Applying GIS and OR techniques to solve Sears technician-dispatching and home-delivery problems. Interfaces, 29, (1): 112-30.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Goods dispatch data processing; Operations research; Resource allocation; Transportation; Sears Roebuck Company; Technician-dispatching; Home-delivery; Vehicle-routing; Scheduling; Geographic information system ; Origin-destination matrix
Original Abstract: Sears, Roebuck and Company uses a vehicle-routing and scheduling system based on a geographic information system to run its delivery and home service fleets more efficiently. Although the problems to be solved can be modeled as vehicle-routing problems with time windows, the size of the problems and thus practical complexity make these problems of both theoretical and practical interest. We constructed a series of algorithms, including the algorithm to build the origin-and-destination matrix, the algorithm to assign resources, and algorithms to perform sequencing and route improvement. The combination of GIS and OR techniques makes the system quite efficient. The system has improved the Sears technician-dispatching and home-delivery business. The success of this application also suggests a promising link between GIS and OR techniques.
 

Wen, G.-J.; R.-S. Wang (2000). Automatic extraction of main roads from aerial remote sensing images. Journal of Software, 11, (7): 957-64.
Keywords: Computer vision; Feature extraction; Gaussian distribution; Image classification; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Automatic road extraction; Main road network; Aerial remote sensing images; Measuring procedure; Geometrical objects; City; Straight line extraction; Noise; Imaging process; Parameter blurring; Extraction robustness; Theoretical analysis ; Image understanding
Original Abstract: The classification and measuring procedure for geometrical objects in a city could be simplified if its main road network could be automatically extracted from aerial remote-sensing images. In this paper, an automatic approach for extracting main city roads based on straight lines is developed, in which the roads are modeled according to their characteristics in the image. The new method places emphasis on dealing with all kinds of noise from the imaging process and uses a Gaussian distribution to blur the parameters of straight lines in order to ensure extraction robustness. All parameters of this method are acquired by theoretical analysis so that the extraction process is automatic. Experimental results show that the main road network can be extracted from real aerial remote-sensing images.
 

Wetzel, M. A. (1995). Simulation of Radiances for Future Avhrr Platforms with the Aviris Spectral Radiometer. International Journal of Remote Sensing, V16, (N6): 1167-1177.
Keywords: AVIRIS , Avhrr platform
 
 

Weydahl, D. J., (1997). Identifying urban features using RADARSAT images taken at multiple incidence angles. IGARSS'97. 1997 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Remote Sensing - A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development (Cat. No.97CH36042) Singapore 3-8 Aug. 1997
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.287-9 vol.1.
Keywords: Geophysical techniques; Image classification; Radar imaging; Remote sensing by radar; Spaceborne radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Radar remote sensing; Urban; Feature identification; radarsat; RADARSAT image; Town; City; sar; Multiple incidence angles; Built-up area; Building type; Backscatter; Statistical difference; Residential houses; House; Industry roof ; Cylindrical storage tank
Original abstract: RADARSAT gives the opportunity to acquire SAR data over a wide range of incidence angles over the same geographical area. This gives additional backscatter information from built-up areas since different building types and objects will give backscatter variations depending on the incidence angle. In this work, a statistical difference is found between the SAR backscatter from residential houses, industry roofs and cylindrical storage tanks, which may be used to distinguish between areas of these classes.
 

Weydahl, D. J.; X. Becquey; T. Tollefsen, (1995). Combining ERS-1 SAR with optical satellite data over urban areas. 1995 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS '95. Quantitative Remote Sensing for Science and Applications (Cat. No.95CH35770) Firenze, Italy 10-14 July 1995
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.2161-3 vol.3.
Keywords: Backscatter; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image classification; Microwave imaging; Radar cross-sections; Radar imaging; Radar target recognition; Remote sensing by radar; Spaceborne radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Town; City; Urban area; Radar remote sensing; Microwave radar imaging; SAR imaging; ers-1; spot; Landsat TM; Multispectral remote sensing; Built-up area; Buildings; Specular reflection; Resonance effect; Radar scattering; Hard targets; Target recognition ; Incidence angle
Original abstract: The aim of this study is to combine the information in SPOT and Landsat TM with the backscatter from ERS-1 SAR images. This is done in order to find out what kind of features for which SAR would be the major information source. In particular the authors are studying built-up areas. It is shown that buildings and other hard targets can give specular reflection and resonance effects. The backscatter from hard targets is dependent on radar aspect-and incidence angle. Information extracted from multitemporal SAR images will hence increase our knowledge of hard targets within a built-up area, when used together with optical images.
 

White, R., (1996). Building an urban image. III International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology Proceedings of the International Association of Computing in Archaeology Rome, Italy 22-25 Nov. 1995
Firenze, Italy Edizione All'lnsegna del Giglio s.a.s, pp.137-47 vol.1.
Keywords: Archaeology; Electrical conductivity; Geographic information systems; Geophysical prospecting; Radar applications; Seismology; Urban image building; Atlas; Britain; Abandoned Roman towns; Wroxeter Hinterland Project; Viroconium Cornoviorum; Shropshire; Geophysical prospecting methods; Site occupation; Geophysical techniques; Magnetometry; World-Wide-Web; Ground-penetrating radar; Multi-probe continuous-reading automated resistivity; Conductivity; Airborne survey; Multi-spectral scanning; Aerial photography; Sub-surface surveys; Ground-truthing data ; GIS database
Original abstract: Abandoned towns have long been recognised as one of the most important resources for understanding the development and decline of the urban environment. In Britain, the number of opportunities for studies into abandoned Roman towns is limited as most have continued in use until the present day. The Wroxeter Hinterland Project is currently engaged in research on the best-preserved deserted Roman town in Britain: Viroconium Cornoviorum, in Shropshire-modern Wroxeter. The approach has been to use a broad range of geophysical prospecting methods to elucidate the nature and density of occupation on the site. Standard geophysical techniques such as magnetometry and resistivity have been extensively deployed alongside the newer technologies of ground-penetrating radar, multi-probe, continuous-reading automated resistivity, seismology and conductivity. Airborne survey is adding another dimension through multi-spectral scanning and conventional aerial photography, while sub-surface surveys are being hatched up with ground-truthing data collected through conventional survey methods. The results are being processed on the Project's GIS database and will provide as full an insight into the nature of occupation at Wroxeter as is possible without further extensive excavation. It is intended that the results will be published in an atlas and will also be accessible via the World-Wide-Web.
 

Wiegand, N.; T. M. Adams; A. P. Vonderohe (1998). OODBMS implementation model of a linear referencing system. URISA Journal, 10, (2): 36-45.
Keywords: Data models; Geographic information systems; Object-oriented databases; Town and country planning; Transportation; Visual databases; OODBMS implementation model; Linear referencing system; Data model; Transportation management; Cartographic representations; Spatial display; Database management system; Data management support; Object-oriented DBMS ; odmg 2.0
Original Abstract: A Linear Referencing System (LRS) data model was developed to coordinate data and facilities for transportation management and to solve the problem of integrating data recorded using alternate linear referencing methods. The model employs concepts of object-orientation and a hierarchical approach to standardize method addresses on a linear datum. The datum can be mapped to multiple cartographic representations for spatial display. Although conceived for transportation, the model is general enough to be used for diverse engineering network applications. This paper describes how the LRS would be modeled using next generation database management system (DBMS) technology. DBMSs provide full data management support, which is useful for the LRS. However, standard DBMSs are limited in their ability to accommodate an application as complex as the LRS. Instead, we are exploring object-oriented DBMSs (OODBMSs) as the best potential current technology for implementing the LRS. Specifically, our implementation design uses newly developed data model and language standards, ODMG 2.0, for commercial OODBMSs. OODBMS versions and triggers are also explored for maintaining and performing updates in the LRS database.
 

Wiggens, L.; K. Deuker; J. Ferreira (2000). Application Challenges for Geographic Information Science: Implications for Research, Education and Policy for Transportation Planning and Management. URISA Journal, 12, (2).
Keywords: transportation planning , GIS, remote sensing
Synopsis: This is a general overview type article. Title is very self-explanatory. Discussion of remote sensing is included and readers might find this article useful in its description of issues and problems in transportation planning and management.
 
 

Wikantika, K.; A. B. Harto; R. Tateishi; S. S. Wihartini; J. Tetuko; P. Jong Hyun, (2000). An investigation of textural characteristics associated with spectral information for land use classification. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2915-17 vol.7.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image classification; Image texture; Multidimensional signal processing; Principal component analysis; Radar imaging; Remote sensing; Remote sensing by radar; Sensor fusion; Speckle; Synthetic aperture radar; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Image processing; Spectral information; Land use; Multispectral remote sensing; Visible; ir; Infrared; Synergism; spot; Landsat-TM; jers-1; sar; Wavelet transform; First order statistic of variance; Second order texture statistic of entropy; Maximum likelihood classifier; Data fusion ; Radar remote sensing
Original abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate improvement of classification accuracy using synergism between textural features and spectral information. Satellite data used in this study are multispectral SPOT HRV, Landsat-TM, and JERS-1 SAR images. Spectral information applied for data compression, is standard principal component analysis, while speckle noise present at JERS-1 SAR image was reduced using wavelet transform. The first order statistic of variance and the second order texture statistic of entropy found in the literature were used. Several datasets were generated using spectral extraction, textural features, and their combination. Based on the maximum likelihood classifier, land use categories of the study area were discriminated. The result shows that combined use of spectral and texture information together significantly improved the accuracy of land use classification.
 

Wikantika, K.; S. S. Wihartini; R. Tateishi; A. B. Harto, (2000). Spectral and textural information of multisensor data for land use classification in metropolitan area. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2843-5 vol.7.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image classification; Image texture; Multidimensional signal processing; Radar imaging; Remote sensing; Remote sensing by radar; Sensor fusion; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Urban area; Town; City; Spectral information; Image processing; Multispectral remote sensing; Multisensor data; Land use; Metropolitan area; radarsat; Radar remote sensing; Landsat-TM; Land use category; Jakarta; Indonesia; Principal component analysis; Texture statistics; Angular second moment; Maximum likelihood classifier ; Kappa statistics
Original abstract: This paper presents the potential of RADARSAT and Landsat-TM images to discriminate land use categories in metropolitan area of Jakarta, Indonesia. Spectral information used in this study, is standard principal component analysis of Landsat-TM. Four of the most common first and second order texture statistics found in the literature were used. They are variance, entropy, angular second moment, and contrast. Several datasets were generated using spectral extraction, textural features, and their combination. Based on the maximum likelihood classifier, land use categories of the study area were discriminated. The overall accuracies and the kappa statistics were analyzed and compared. The result shows that combined use of spectral and texture information together significantly improved the accuracy of land use classification.
 

Wiley, R. B.; T. K. Keyser, (1998). Discrete event simulation experiments and geographic information systems in congestion management planning. 1998 Winter Simulation Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36274) Proceedings of IEEE Winter Simulation Conference Washington, DC, USA 13-16 Dec. 1998
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.1087-93 vol.2.
Keywords: Data analysis; Discrete event simulation; Geographic information systems; Planning; Software packages; Traffic engineering computing; Transportation; Congestion management planning; Regional transportation system; Large traffic volumes; Stochastic systems; Traffic management; Transportation planning; Slice in time view; Roadway network links; gis; Transportation simulation software package ; Data collection
Original abstract: A regional transportation system and the movement of large traffic volumes through it, are characteristic of stochastic systems. The standard traffic management or transportation planning approach uses a slice in time view of the system. Static, mean values of system variables are used for the basis of incident-caused, congestion management decisions. By reason of the highly variable nature of transportation systems, discrete event simulation is used in the planning process. The simulation model is highly dependent on the spatial accuracy of real world coordinates of nodes and the lengths of the roadway network links. Link travel times, queue spill back and turn lane queue size are directly related to the magnitude of incident-caused congestion, and the roadway system's ability to recover from it. The incorporation of accurate geographic information system (GIS) data with a powerful transportation simulation software package and properly designed data collection and analysis techniques are invaluable in support of transportation incident management decisions.
 

Williamson, R., (1999). Technology and Global Markets for Remote Sensing. Technology and Global Markets for Remote Sensing. A National Forum on Remote Sensing Applications to Transportation, May 11-12, 1999, Washington DC. http://scitech.dot.gov/reeng/sensmsrm/rmtsense/sbrsagnd.html,

Wilson, T. A.; S. K. Rogers; L. R. Myers (1995). Perceptual-Based Hyperspectral Image Fusion Using Multiresolution Analysis. Optical Engineering, V34, (N11): 3154-3164.
Keywords:
 
 

Wolfer, J.; J. Roberge; T. Grace, (1995). Learning vector quantization vs. multilayered perceptrons for classifying Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery. WCNN '95. World Congress on Neural Networks. 1995 International Neural Network Society Annual Meeting Proceedings of the World Congress on Neural Networks Washington, DC, USA 17-21 July 1995
Mahwah, NJ, USA Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp.157-64 vol.1.
Keywords: Agriculture; Feature extraction; Geography; Image classification; Image coding; Learning (artificial intelligence); Multilayer perceptrons; Remote sensing; Town and country planning; Vector quantisation; Learning vector quantization; Multilayered perceptrons; Landsat Thematic Mapper image classification; Road classification; Remotely-sensed imagery; Agricultural assessment; Urban planning; Road pixels; Spectral signatures; Backpropagation ; Trained neural networks
Original abstract: Classifying roads in remotely-sensed imagery has been the target of several contemporary research efforts. Detecting these features in Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery is of consequence for both agricultural assessment and urban planning. In our previous work (1994), we showed that road pixels could be distinguished by their spectral signatures in Landsat TM images. In this paper, we present a comparison of backpropagation with learning vector quantization (LVQ) trained networks for classifying road pixels in Landsat TM images.
 

Wu, J.; N. Jing; H.-S. Chen (2000). Hierarchical encoding of optimal path and its retrieval. Chinese Journal of Computers, 23, (2): 184-9.
Keywords: Graph theory; Path planning; Path query processing; gis; Navigation systems; Best path query; Computer networks; Transportation networks; Path view materialization; hepv ; Path retrieval
Original Abstract: Efficient path query processing is a key requirement for advanced applications including GIS (Geographic Information Systems), navigation systems, and computer networks. The author investigates the best path query algorithm in the context of networks with large number of nodes and links, such as transportation networks and computer networks. To guarantee efficient response for best path queries, this paper employs a path view materialization strategy for pre-computing and store the best paths, proposes the HEPV (Hierarchical Encoded Path View) approach, gives the optimality theorem of path retrieval over HEPV, as well as proposes best path retrieval algorithm.
 

Wu, R.; J. Li, (1998). Novel time delay estimation methods with applications to ultra wideband ground penetrating radar. Radar Sensor Technology III Orlando, FL, USA 16 April 1998
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.57-68.
Keywords: Covariance matrices; Delay estimation; Fourier transforms; Gaussian noise; Radar applications; Radar receivers; Radar theory; Time delay estimation methods; Ultra wideband ground penetrating radar; Weighted Fourier transform; RELAXation based method; wrelax; Multiple look cases; Receiver noise; Zero-mean colored Gaussian noise; Unknown covariance matrices; Cramer-Rao bound; Minimum attainable variances; Unbiased estimators; Signal-to-noise ratios ; Roadway subsurface anomalies
Original abstract: In this paper, we first present a weighted Fourier transform and RELAXation based method, which is both computationally and statistically efficient, for the well-known time delay estimation problem. Later WRELAX is extended to multiple look cases where the receiver noise is assumed to be zero-mean colored Gaussian noise with unknown covariance matrices. Numerical examples show that both WRELAX and its extensions can approach the corresponding Cramer-Rao bound, the minimum attainable variances for any unbiased estimators, for a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios. The new algorithm can be applied to detecting and classifying roadway subsurface anomalies by using an ultra wideband ground penetrating radar. Experimental examples are also provided to demonstrate the performance of the new algorithm.
 

Xiaomei, Y.; Z. Chenghu, (2000). Analysis of the complexity of remote sensing image and its role on image classification. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2179-81 vol.5.
Keywords: Image classification; Terrain mapping; Remote sensing image; Geographical environment; Remote sensing information extraction; Spectral domain; Spatial domain; Multispatial scale; Image complexity; Quantitative analysis; Qualitative estimate; Quantitative index; Statistical property; Fourier transformation; Information entropy ; Multilevel remote sensing information model
Original abstract: A remote sensing image reflects the geographical environment of some region at a certain moment. The principal factor influencing the extraction of remote sensing information is the complexity of the image. This paper clarifies the complexity of a remote sensing image from the spectral domain, spatial domain and multi-spatial scale. The authors develop an expression for image complexity by quantitative analysis instead of an intuitionistic qualitative estimate. A quantitative index describing the complexity of the image information is presented based on the comprehensive description of the statistical property, Fourier transformation and information entropy of the image. Finally, a multi-level remote sensing information model is constructed based on different image complexities.
 

Xiugang, L.; W. Wei; L. Fang; D. Xuejun (1999). GIS based map overlay method for comprehensive assessment of road environmental impact. Transportation Research, Part D (Transport and Environment), 4D, (3): 147-58.
Keywords: Environmental factors; Geographic information systems; Operations research; Planning; Road traffic; Transportation; Map overlay method; Road environmental impact; Geographic information system; Assessment; Environmental vulnerability grade maps; Road alignments ; China
Original Abstract: By integrating the merits of the map overlay method and matrix method, a geographic information system (GIS) based map overlay method is developed to analyze comprehensively the environmental vulnerability around road and its impact on the environment, which is adapted for the comprehensive assessment of road environmental impact and the optimal selection of road alignments. The assessment process of the GIS based map overlay method and a detailed case study are presented, which include deciding the system structure and weights of assessment factors, making environmental vulnerability grade maps, calculating the respective coefficients of road impact extent for each factor, and evaluating the alternative alignments comprehensively to obtain the best one.
 

Xiuping, J.; J. A. Richards (1999). Segmented principal components transformation for efficient hyperspectral remote-sensing image display and classification. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 37, (1): 538-542.
Keywords: feature extraction , hyperspectral data analysis
Original Abstract: A segmented, and possibly multistage, principal components transformation (PCT) is proposed for efficient hyperspectral remote-sensing image classification and display. The scheme requires, initially, partitioning the complete set of bands into several highly correlated subgroups. After separate transformation of each subgroup, the single-band separabilities are used as a guide to carry out feature selection. The selected features can then be transformed again to achieve a satisfactory data reduction ratio and generate the three most significant components for color display. The scheme reduces the computational load significantly for feature extraction, compared with the conventional PCT. A reduced number of features will also accelerate the maximum likelihood classification process significantly, and the process will not suffer the limitations encountered by trying to use the full set of hyperspectral data when training samples are limited. Encouraging results have been obtained in terms of classification accuracy, speed, and quality of color image display using two airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) data sets.
 

Xiuwen, L.; C. Ke; W. DeLiang (2001). Extraction of hydrographic regions from remote sensing images using an oscillator network with weight adaptation. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 39, (1): 207-11.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysics computing; Hydrological techniques; Image classification; Image processing; Image segmentation; Multilayer perceptrons; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Hydrology; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Hydrographic region; Remote sensing image; Oscillator network; Weight adaptation; Object extraction; Accurate boundary; Multilayer perceptron; Neural net; Neural network; Seed point; Locally coupled network; Functional system; Hydrographic region extraction; Digital Orthophoto Quarter-Quadrangle images; Image region ; legion
Original Abstract: The authors propose a framework for object extraction with accurate boundaries. A multilayer perceptron is used to identify seed points through examples, and regions are extracted and localized using a locally coupled network with weight adaptation. A functional system has been developed and applied to hydrographic region extraction from Digital Orthophoto Quarter-Quadrangle images.
 

Xue, F.; R. Wang (2001). Road extraction by using combined statistical and structural information. Acta Optica Sinica, 21, (4): 504-8.
Keywords: Edge detection; Feature extraction; Geography; Remote sensing; Statistical analysis; Structural information; Statistical information; Road extraction; Remote sensing image; Road elements; Road segments; Multiple local statistic characteristics; Image; Road boundaries; Energy function; Algorithm robustness; Self-adaptive ability ; Line extraction
Original Abstract: An algorithm for road extraction from a remote sensing image is presented. It contains three steps: the road elements and the road segments are firstly extracted by using multiple local statistic characteristics of the image, and the road boundaries are extracted by using an energy function. Structural information is described by using a statistical analysis in detecting the road elements instead of using lines extracted, to enhance the algorithm's robustness; the parameters of the energy function are determined from the result of the above calculation in detecting the road boundaries to make the algorithm's self-adaptive ability.
 

Yonezawa, C.; S. Takeuchi, (1999). Detection of urban damage using interferometric SAR decorrelation. IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293) Hamburg, Germany 28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.925-7 vol.2.
Keywords: Earthquakes; Geophysical techniques; Radar imaging; Remote sensing by radar; Spaceborne radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Terrain mapping; ad 1995; Earthquake; Damage; Urban area; City; Japan; Radar remote sensing; Interferometric SAR decorrelation; InSAR; sar; Norm type correlation coefficient; Single-look intensity data; Intensity correlation; Complex correlation coefficient; Single-look complex data; Ground surface change; Kobe; Buildings; ers-1; Damaged city; Speckle ; Change detection
Original abstract: The authors attempted to use norm type correlation coefficient of single-look intensity data (intensity correlation) and complex correlation coefficient of single-look complex data (coherence) for the purpose of detecting the ground surface change due to urban damages. The test site was Kobe city area in Japan where a lot of buildings were collapsed by an earthquake in 1995. The test data were ERS-1 SAR data, three of which were observed before the earthquake and the other three were observed after the earthquake. According to the comparison of decorrelation patterns between the intensity correlation and the coherence, both of the correlation coefficients were found to behave almost similarly. The correlation patterns were related to the land cover types. The data pairs taken before and after the earthquake indicated clear decorrelation at damaged city areas. For additional similarity, the long baseline distance data pairs showed large decorrelation on whole image and their correlation patterns were obscure. It is supposed from these correspondences that the major factor in the intensity decorrelation is still related to the interferometric decorrelation process, namely, the change of speckle patterns due to the change of urban surface patterns. The change of the cardinal effect is also suggested for additional factor in the intensity decorrelation. From this result, the coherency is important for detecting the damaged urban area using the correlation of SAR data.
 

Yong-Il, K.; P. Moo-Wuk; E. Yang-Dam (2000). Development of hypermap database for ITS and GIS. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 24, (1): 45-60.
Keywords: Automated highways; Cartography; Geographic information systems; Global Positioning System; Video databases; Hypermap database; its; gis; Video images; Digital maps; Intelligent transportation systems; Georeferencing method; Differential global positioning system; Two-dimensional digital map ; 2D digital map
Original Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology that combines video images and digital maps for intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and geographic information systems (GIS). In this study, (1) the database structure of a digital map for integrating video images; (2) the georeferencing method of moving images by the time-tag; and (3) the hypermap database using a differential global positioning system (DGPS), were developed. The database was designed to replay a video image corresponding to a point on a two-dimensional digital map. Furthermore, the linkage of various objects existing both in video image and digital map was accomplished in this methodology, The practical use of hypermap research was examined by applying it to the proposed moving image georeferencing method. Furthermore, the level of accuracy was evaluated by utilizing the exact location of street lamps as control points, with the result that 92.8% of control points were included within two consequent frames.
 

Yongjian, Y.; H. Shunji; A. Torre, (1996). Partially correlated polarimetric K-distribution for multi-look polarimetric SAR images. Applications of Digital Image Processing XIX Denver, CO, USA 7-9 Aug. 1996
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.628-36.
Keywords: Backscatter; Correlation methods; Electromagnetic wave polarisation; Gamma distribution; Image texture; Radar imaging; Radar polarimetry; Radar theory; Remote sensing by radar; Statistical analysis; Synthetic aperture radar; Multi-look polarimetric SAR data; K-distribution model; SAR images; Urban areas; Matrix product model; Texture variables; Polarization channels; Partially correlated gamma distribution; Statistical properties ; Backscattering
Original abstract: A partially correlated polarimetric K-distribution model is presented to characterize statistical properties of multi-look polarimetric SAR data acquired over building-and-road-densely-distributed urban areas. The model is a generalization to the usual polarimetric K-distribution one and is formulated in terms of the matrix product model in which different texture variables are assigned to different polarization channels. The joint distribution of these texture variables are assumed to be partially correlated gamma. Testing of the generalized K-distribution model was conducted using NASA/JPL polarimetric SAR data of a building-and-road-densely-distributed urban area, showing that the generalized K-model is more precise than the usual K-model in characterizing statistical properties of complex urban polarimetric SAR backscattering.
 

You-Ning, W.; R. G. Thompson; I. Bishop, (1999). A GIS based information integration framework for dynamic vehicle routing and scheduling. Proceedings of the IEEE International Vehicle Electronics Conference (IVEC'99) (Cat. No.99EX257) Proceedings of the IEEE International Vehicle Electronics Conference (IVEC'99) Changchun, China 6-9 Sept. 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.474-9 vol.1.
Keywords: Driver information systems; Geographic information systems; Goods distribution; Scheduling; Transportation; GIS based information integration framework; Dynamic vehicle routing; Dynamic vehicle scheduling; Intelligent transport system; Freight transportation; Geographic features; Traffic information; Seamlessly articulated environment ; Local courier service operation
Original abstract: This paper describes a framework for integrating information for dynamic vehicle routing and scheduling using GIS and intelligent transport system (ITS). A description of the types of information required for its application in freight transportation is presented. The integration framework introduced here aims to accommodate both geographic features and traffic information within one seamlessly articulated environment. The systems structure as well as implementation with embedded GIS is described. A local courier service operation is used as a case study to demonstrate the potential of such a system.
 

Yu, B.; I. M. Ostland; P. Gong; R. L. Pu (1999). Penalized discriminant analysis of in situ hyperspectral data for conifer species recognition. Ieee Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, V37, (N5 PT2): 2569-2577.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: Using in situ hyperspectral measurements collected in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California, the authors discriminate six species of conifer trees using a recent, nonparametric statistics technique known as penalized discriminant analysis (PDA). A classification accuracy of 76% is obtained. Their emphasis is on providing an intuitive, geometric description of PDA that makes the advantages of penalization clear. PDA is a penalized version of Fisher's linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and can greatly improve upon LDA when there are a large number of highly correlated variables.
 

Yu, S., (1999). Urban area detection in SPOT images using multi-scale technique and map knowledge. IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293) Hamburg, Germany 28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.62-4 vol.1.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image classification; Image processing; Terrain mapping; Wavelet transforms; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Optical remote sensing; Town; City; Urban area identification; Urban area detection; SPOT image; Multi-scale technique; Map knowledge; Wavelet transform; Multi-scale representation; Low frequency information portion; Region growing ; Hysteresis technique
Original abstract: This paper presents a novel approach to urban area detection in SPOT images. A wavelet transform is first applied to the SPOT image, which results in two sets of multi-scale representations of the image: a high frequency information portion and a low frequency information portion. Knowledge from geographic map is then used as a guide to explore the low frequency information portion which favors detection of region information in the image. Urban areas are detected by a region growing method using a hysteresis technique.
 

Yu, S.; S. De Backer; P. Scheunders, (2000). Genetic feature selection combined with composite fuzzy nearest neighbor classifiers for high-dimensional remote sensing data. SMC 2000 Conference Proceedings. 2000 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. *Cybernetics Evolving to Systems, Humans, Organizations, and their Complex Interactions' (Cat. No.00CH37166) Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Nashville, TN, USA 8-11 Oct. 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.1912-16 vol.3.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Fuzzy logic; Genetic algorithms; Geophysical signal processing; Image classification; Pattern classification; Remote sensing; Genetic feature selection; Composite fuzzy nearest neighbor classifiers; High-dimensional remote sensing data; Automated classifier; Hard kNN classifiers; Fuzzy kNN classifiers ; AVIRIS data
Original abstract: For high-dimensional data, the appropriate selection of features has a significant effect on the cost and accuracy of an automated classifier. A feature selection technique using genetic algorithms is applied. For classification, hard and fuzzy kNN classifiers are compared. Composite Fuzzy classifier architectures are investigated. Experiments are conducted on AVIRIS data, and the results are evaluated in the paper.
 

Yu, Y.; S.-J. Huang; A. Torre, (1995). Development of an automatic target detection and characterisation system in polarimetric SAR images. 1995 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS '95. Quantitative Remote Sensing for Science and Applications (Cat. No.95CH35770) Firenze, Italy 10-14 July 1995
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.1822-4 vol.3.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image classification; Radar imaging; Radar polarimetry; Radar target recognition; Remote sensing by radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Urban area; Radar remote sensing; Automatic target detection; Characterisation system; Automatic algorithm; Polarimetric SAR image; Image recognition; Image processing; Multi-look; Man-made target; Scaler CFAR; Discrimination; Unsupervised classification; San Francisco Bay; Building; California; United States ; usa
Original abstract: An automatic algorithm that enables processing multi-look polarimetric SAR image data to automatically detect stationary ground man-made targets in diverse natural environments and then to characterise them by polarimetric characteristics is presented. The algorithm consists of three main building blocks: scaler CFAR, polarimetric discrimination, and unsupervised polarimetric classifier. The algorithm is applied to the polarimetric SAR images of San Francisco Bay for detection and classification of building targets.
 

Yu-Chang, T.; C. Kun-Shan (1997). Integration of SPOT and SAR fractal images for terrain cover classification. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 20, (5): 593-602.
Keywords: Calibration; Compensation; Fractals; Geophysical signal processing; Image classification; Microwave imaging; Radar imaging; Remote sensing by radar; Synthetic aperture radar; spot; sar; Fractal images; Terrain cover classification; Geometric characteristics; Geometry ratification; Elevation effect; Radiometric calibrations; Three-term corrections; Elevation antenna gain pattern; Local incident angle variations; Range spreading compensation; Discrimination capability; Heterogeneous area; Urban regions; Homogeneous areas ; Open water
Original Abstract: This paper presents the terrain cover classification from combining SPOT with SAR fractal images. Due to the special geometric characteristics, SAR images need special geometry ratification before the process of overlaying with other types of imagery is proper and feasible. In this study, we develop and verify a simple model to compensate for the elevation effect in the SAR images. Besides, operations of radiometric calibration are necessary to perform three-term corrections for: elevation antenna gain pattern, local incident angle variations, and range spreading compensation. The important finding is that fractal information significantly improves the discrimination capability of a heterogeneous area such as in urban regions, while it slightly degrades accuracy for homogeneous areas, such as open water. The overall classification performance can give results that are much superior to those in production by use of SPOT images only. The integration of SAR fractal images and SPOT data for terrain cover classification proves to be effective and efficient.
 

Yun, Z., (1997). Information system for monitoring the urban environment based on satellite remote sensing: Shanghai as an example. IGARSS'97. 1997 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Remote Sensing - A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development (Cat. No.97CH36042) Singapore 3-8 Aug. 1997
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.842-4 vol.2.
Keywords: Environmental science computing; Geographic information systems; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Remote sensing; Geophysical measurement technique; Optical imaging; Terrain mapping; Land surface; China; gis; Geographical information system; Urban environment; Satellite remote sensing; Shanghai; City; Software package; tm; Multispectral imaging; spot; Water area; Houses; Skyscraper; Vegetation; Buildings; Green area; Image processing; Image classification ; Feature extraction
Original abstract: A software package was developed for the purpose of monitoring the urban environment. It was tested in the entire urban area of Shanghai using TM and SPOT pan data. The water areas, houses, skyscrapers and green areas in the city were extracted. The TM and SPOT pan data were merged through different methods and compared. The accuracy of the extracted water areas is over 95% and that of the recognized skyscrapers is over 90%. The user accuracy of the extracted houses was increased by 30% and that of green areas by 11%.
 

Yun-Wu, H.; J. Ning; E. A. Rundensteiner (2000). Optimizing path query performance: graph clustering strategies. Transportation Research Part C (Emerging Technologies), 8C, (1-6): 381-408.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Graph theory; Optimisation; Pattern clustering; Query processing; Path query performance optimization; Graph clustering strategies; Transportation networks; gis; High I/O costs; Clustering optimization; Spatial partition clustering; spc; Spatial coordinates; Two-way partitioning; Approximate topological clustering; City road network; Memory buffer size; Path length; Locality; Out-degree ; Highly interconnected city map
Original Abstract: Path queries over transportation networks are operations required by many geographic information systems applications. Such networks, modeled as graphs and represented as link relations, can be very large and need to be stored on secondary storage devices. Path computation over such large persistent networks involves high I/O costs as links are brought from secondary storage into main memory. This paper presents a comparative experimental evaluation of alternative graph clustering solutions. Clustering optimization involves no run-time cost, requires no auxiliary data structures, and is complimentary to many of the existing solutions. We develop spatial partition clustering (SPC), which exploits unique properties of transportation networks such as spatial coordinates and high locality. We identify other promising algorithms, such as two-way partitioning and approximate topological clustering. We fine-tune them to optimize their I/O behavior. Experiments using an actual city road network as well as randomly generated graphs consider variations in parameters such as memory buffer size, length of the paths, locality, and out-degree. Our experimental results are the foundation for establishing guidelines to select the best clustering technique based on the type of networks. We find that our SPC performs the best for the highly interconnected city map; the hybrid approach for random graphs with high locality; and the two-way partitioning based on link weights for random graphs with no locality.
 

Zagolski, F.; J. P. Gastelluetchegorry (1995). Atmospheric Corrections of Aviris Images with a Procedure Based on the Inversion of the 5s Model. International Journal of Remote Sensing, V16, (N16): 3115-3146.
Keywords: AVIRIS , atmospheric corrections
 
 

Zhan, F. B., (1996). A set of shortest path algorithms that run fastest on real road networks. GIS/LIS'96 Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems/Land Information Systems Denver, CO, USA 19-21 Nov. 1996
Bethesda, MD, USA American Society for Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, pp.755-64.
Keywords: Driver information systems; Graph theory; Minimisation; Spatial data structures; Shortest path algorithms; Real road networks; Data structures; Transportation; gis; Operations research; Management sciences ; Oracle
Original abstract: It is well known that computing shortest paths over a network is an important task in many network and transportation related analyses. Choosing an adequate algorithm from the numerous algorithms reported in the literature is a critical step in many applications involving real road networks. In a recent study, a set of three shortest path algorithms that run fastest on real road networks has been identified. As a sequel to that study, this paper reviews and summarizes these algorithms, and demonstrates the data structures and implementation strategies related to the algorithms. First, the evaluation of 15 shortest path algorithms on real world networks is briefly reviewed. Second, three algorithms that run fastest on real world networks are identified. Finally, data structures and implementation strategies related to these three algorithms are presented. This source should be particularly useful for researchers and practitioners in transportation, GIS, operations research and management sciences.
 

Zhan, F. B.; C. E. Noon (1998). Shortest path algorithms: an evaluation using real road networks. Transportation Science, 32, (1): 65-73.
Keywords: Graph theory; Minimisation; Transportation; Shortest path algorithms; Real road networks; Randomly generated networks; Operations research; or; Management science; Geographic information systems ; Geographic IS
Original Abstract: The classic problem of finding the shortest path over a network has been the target of many research efforts over the years. These research efforts have resulted in a number of different algorithms and a considerable amount of empirical findings with respect to performance. Unfortunately, prior research does not provide a clear direction for choosing an algorithm when one faces the problem of computing shortest paths on real road networks. Most of the computational testing on shortest path algorithms has been based on randomly generated networks, which may not have the characteristics of real road networks. In this paper, we provide an objective evaluation of 15 shortest path algorithms using a variety of real road networks. Based on the evaluation, a set of recommended algorithms for computing shortest paths on real road networks is identified. This evaluation should be particularly useful to researchers and practitioners in operations research, management science, transportation, and geographic information systems.
 

Zhang, B.; X. G. Wang; J. G. Liu; L. F. Zheng; Q. X. Tong (2000). Hyperspectral image processing and analysis system (HIPAS) and its applications. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, V66, (N5): 605-609.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: The Spaceborne Imaging Radar - C/X -band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) mission was a cooperative endeavor of the United States, Germany, and Italy. The SIR-C/X-SAR scientific research program was a large international cooperative program of radar for Earth observation in which 13 countries participated, including China. SIR-C/X-SAR, with the ability to acquire polarimetric SAR and interferometric SAR data, was the first spaceborne radar to operate simultaneously at several frequencies and polarizations, representing the most advanced civilian SAR system for Earth observation. This paper will present some results of the SIR-C/X-SAR program made in China. The emphasis is placed on aerial and ground synchronous experiments with SIR-C/X-SAR overpasses, SAR penetration studies for dry sands, and SIR-C/X-SAR data applications in relevant fields and different areas, e.g., discovering the volcanoes of the Kunlun Mountains, detecting geological features underneath vegetation canopies, and revealing the Great Wall segments of the Ming and Sui dynasties. The paper also introduces the use of the Chinese airborne L-band SAR system, developed by the Chinese High Technology Program, for flood monitoring in 1998.
 

Zhang, F.-Z.; B. M. Khawaja; Y.-Z. Fan; X.-F. Sun (2000). Application of GPS/INU/GIS integrated location and navigation technologies in intelligent transport systems. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 26, (3): 299-302.
Keywords: Automated highways; Computerised navigation; Geographic information systems; Global Positioning System; Inertial navigation; Public information systems; Traffic information systems; gps/inu/gis; Integrated location and navigation technologies; Intelligent transport systems; Reliability; Precision; Satellite navigation; Standby characteristics; Non-shadowed characteristics; Transportation management; Intelligence; 24 hour coverage; Vehicular ground navigation ; Geographical information system
Original Abstract: The basic idea of intelligent transport systems (ITS) is introduced. GPS/INU/DM integrated navigation and location technology and its application in ITS are described. In addition, several technical measures to increase integrated navigation and location precision and reliability are presented. This technology combines satellite navigation, inertial navigation with information technologies, and has all-direction, 24 hours standby and non-shadowed characteristics. The *automation' of transportation management and the *intelligence' of vehicular driving will be realized through using of integrated navigation and location technology. Integrated navigation and location technology has better practicing value and widely prospect.
 

Zhang, F.-Z.; D.-K. Yang; Y.-Z. Fan; X.-F. Sun (2000). Public traffic information management system in intelligent transport systems. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 26, (4): 385-8.
Keywords: Automated highways; Geographic information systems; Traffic information systems; Intelligent transport systems; Public traffic information management system; Dynamic management; Traffic congestion; Road traffic facilities; Road transportation efficiency; Travelling safety; Geographical information system ; Data management
Original Abstract: The study and development of intelligent transport systems (ITS) in our country is introduced, and then the main ideas about public traffic information management system and its dynamic management are examined. The study and development of public traffic information management system in ITS can enhance the contact between roads, vehicles, drivers and managers, so that managers know the public traffic situation well. Thus traffic congestion can be effectively solved and road traffic facilities can be improved, and public traffic intelligent management can be realized. The the efficiency of road transportation and travelling safety will be enhanced. The public traffic information management system has wide prospects for the future.
 

Zhang, W.; H. Yu; X. Ying, (1998). Application of GIS technique to natural gas pipeline management. IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174) IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings Seattle, WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.1055-7 vol.2.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Geophysical techniques; Natural gas technology; Remote sensing; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Civil engineering; gis; Natural gas pipeline; Geographic information system; Data management ; Georeferencing method
Original abstract: The GIS (geographic information system) technique is a newly developed data management technique. It is the combination of geography, computer science, cartography, information science and real and remote control techniques. The GIS technique has been applied to many domains since it came out, and as the technique grows its applied fields is widen, e.g. land management, city information, transportation, fire protection, city water supply, pubic security, travel information etc. This paper introduces the GIS technique to natural gas pipeline management. Natural gas pipeline is a city's lifeline, as the city enlarges, the natural gas pipeline becomes more and more complicated. How to keep the lifeline run in the course of nature, a good management method is very important. The GIS technique takes natural gas pipeline management to a new level. With an elaborately designed city natural gas pipeline information management system, the natural gas department can make an optimal decision for planning, construction, maintenance and emergency responses etc.
 

Zhang, Y. (2001). Detection of urban housing development by fusing multisensor satellite data and performing spatial feature post-classification. International Journal of Remote Sensing, V22, (N17): 3339-3355.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: A large number of change detection techniques have been developed, but little has been done to detect detailed changes, such as urban housing development, using satellite data. In this study a new approach is presented. By fusing multispectral satellite data, e.g. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) or SPOT XS, with panchromatic satellite data, e.g. SPOT pan, big buildings (10-20 m in width) in urban areas can be extracted. By performing the spatial feature post-classification, e.g. (1) co-occurrence matrix-based filtering for separating buildings from noise, (2) axis-oriented linking and segmentation for a complete extraction of urban water areas, and (3) mathematical morphology operations for improving the classified green areas, the accuracy of the extracted classes is significantly increased and a detailed urban housing map can be generated. By overlaying this map with the built-up areas extracted from data of an earlier date, newly developed built-up areas can be detected and big buildings can individually be highlighted. This new approach was tested in the urban area of Shanghai, China, using Landsat TM and SPOT pan data. More detailed change detection than with conventional methods resulted in an average accuracy of the building extraction of 86%.
 

Zhang, Y.; J. Zhang; M. Jin; M. D. Desai (2000). Adaptive subspace decomposition and classification for hyperspectral images. Chinese Journal of Electronics, 9, (1): 82-8.
Keywords: Adaptive signal processing; Feature extraction; Image classification; Image resolution; Principal component analysis; Remote sensing; Adaptive subspace decomposition; Hyperspectral classification; Hyperspectral images; High spectral resolution; High data dimensionality; Data dimensionality reduction; Hyperspectral data space decomposition; pca; Variability ratio measure; High-order moment keeping classification; Classification accuracy ; Remote sensing images
Original Abstract: In accordance with hyperspectral images' high spectral resolution and high data dimensionality, this paper proposes a new adaptive subspace decomposition (ASD) method to reduce the data dimensionality while keeping the classification accuracy. The method includes two stages. First, the full hyperspectral data space is decomposed adaptively into some subspaces with different dimensionality. Then in each subspace, different numbers of features are extracted adaptively by applying the principal component analysis (PCA) according to the variability ratio measure. Secondly, the combined features from different subspaces are used for hyperspectral classification through the high-order moment keeping classification (HMKC) method. The results show that the proposed method not only reduces much more data dimensionality of the hyperspectral images, but also keeps more detailed information in different bands and achieves higher classification accuracy.
 

Zhongren, P.; K. J. Dueker (1995). Spatial data integration in route-level transit demand modeling. URISA Journal, 7, (1): 26-37.
Keywords: Data handling; Demography; Geographic information systems; Socio-economic effects; Spatial data structures; Traffic engineering computing; Transportation; Visual databases; Spatial data integration; Route-level transit demand modeling; Data requirements; Data structure; Transit ridership; Transit service; Socioeconomic data; Demographic data; Attribute data allocation; Spatial data allocation; Inter-route relationship; Census areas; Service areas; Portland metropolitan area; Service changes ; Oregon
Original Abstract: The study addresses the issue of data requirements, data structure and data integration for transit demand modeling. Transit demand modeling requires the integration of transit ridership, transit service and socioeconomic and demographic data. These data are not stored in consistent geographic units that are required for transit demand modeling. Two data integration issues are addressed: the spatial and attribute data allocation, and the inter-route relationship. The accuracy of different methods to allocate demographic and socioeconomic data from census areas to the service areas for transit routes are compared, using data from Portland, Oregon metropolitan area. Spatial data integration is also used to analyze transit inter-route relationships, the extent to which routes are independent, complementary or competitive. Inter-route relationship analysis facilitates route-level ridership modeling to estimate the ridership impacts of service changes not only on the route with the service change, but also on other related routes.
 

Zhong-Ren, P.; J. N. Groff; K. J. Dueker (1998). An enterprise GIS database design for agency-wide transit applications. URISA Journal, 10, (2): 46-55.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Town and country planning; Transportation; Visual databases; Enterprise GIS database; Agency-wide transit applications; Geographic space; Route representation; Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District; Relational representations; Spatial feature; Service scheduling; Linear referencing system; Location referencing system; Street network; Dynamic segmentation; Automatic trip planning; Computer-aided dispatch; Service planning ; Scheduling
Original Abstract: Transit applications of GIS require various forms of representations of routes in geographic space. Project-oriented GIS databases designed to serve individual applications may result in redundancy and inconsistent databases among applications. It is preferable to construct a general enterprise-wide GIS database to meet data needs for various applications. Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon (Tri-Met) has developed an enterprise GIS database. This paper documents the development process and addresses database design issues that are unique for transit networks: the relational representations of spatial features in the transit network and temporal service variations in service scheduling. A mechanism to integrate spatial features of routes, segments and stops with temporal service variations is developed. Dual referencing systems have been implementing to design the database: a linear referencing system to link transit stops and time points on a route, and a location referencing system to relate the transit network to the underlying street network. Dynamic segmentation is implemented to relate distance-referenced stops and time points to individual route paths. The developed enterprise GIS database has become the common database for several applications in the transit agency, such as automatic trip planning, computer-aided dispatch and control, and service planning and scheduling.
 

Zhou, G. Q.; R. Li (2000). Accuracy evaluation of ground points from IKONOS high-resolution satellite imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, V66, (N9): 1103-1112.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: To evaluate the geometric accuracy of ground points from integrated Global Positioning System (GPS), inertial navigation system (INS), and high-resolution linear array CCD sensor data, this paper presents the mathematical model of the bundle adjustment and the experimental results on the attainable accuracy of ground points versus number and distribution of ground control points (GCPs), versus the image measurement error of GCPs and checkpoints, and versus the order of the polynomial fit to the orbital path. A geodetic control network established in Madison County in central Ohio, which is used for testing the 3D accuracy of the simulated new generation IKONOS high-resolution satellite imagery, will be introduced. Based on the airborne High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) system and simulated IKONOS imagery (SpaceImaging, Inc.), various experimental schemes involving geometric strength with various configurations of stereo models, the influence of the number and distribution of GCPs, and the influence of the image measurement errors of GCPs and checkpoints were performed. Some recommendations and suggestions for improving the geometric accuracy of ground points were finally drawn up from this experimental research.
 

Ziliaskopoulos, A. K.; S. T. Waller (2000). An Internet-based geographic information system that integrates data, models and users for transportation applications. Transportation Research Part C (Emerging Technologies), 8C, (1-6): 427-44.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Graphical user interfaces; Internet; Traffic information systems; Internet-based geographic information system; Transportation applications; gis; Spatio-temporal data; Large-scale databases ; Distributed computing systems
Original Abstract: This paper is concerned with the development of an Internet-based geographic information system (GIS) that brings together spatio-temporal data, models and users in a single efficient framework to be used for a wide range of transportation applications-planning, engineering and operational. The functional requirements of the system are outlined taking into consideration the various enabling technologies, such as Internet tools, large-scale databases and distributed computing systems. Implementation issues as well as the necessary models needed to support the system are briefly discussed.
 

Zong-Guo, X., (1996). Applications of multi-frequency, multi-polarization and multi-incident angle SAR systems in urban land use and land cover mapping. IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Remote Sensing for a Sustainable Future (Cat. No.96CH35875) Lincoln, NE, USA 27-31 May 1996
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.2310-14 vol.4.
Keywords: Geophysical techniques; Radar imaging; Radar polarimetry; Remote sensing by radar; Reviews; Synthetic aperture radar; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Radar remote sensing; Multifrequency method; Multipolarization; Multi-incident angle; sar; Urban land use; Land cover mapping; Town ; City
Original abstract: Provides a review of the current status of radar applications in urban land use mapping, identifies the problems that have prevented the operational use of radar remote sensing in urban studies, and gives a preliminary assessment of the potential of multi-frequency, multipolarization, and multi-incident angle SAR systems for urban applications.
 

Zong-Guo, X.; F. M. Henderson (1997). Understanding the relationships between radar response patterns and the bio- and geophysical parameters of urban areas. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 35, (1): 93-101.
Keywords: Backscatter; Electromagnetic wave scattering; Geography; Geophysical techniques; Radar cross-sections; Radar polarimetry; Remote sensing by radar; Urban area; Suburban area; Geophysical measurement technique; Radar remote sensing; Radar scattering; Built-up area; Town; City; Radar response pattern; Geophysical parameters; Vegetation mapping; Radar return; Urban features; Polarization; Incident angle; Look direction; Ground target factor; Surface roughness; Terrain relief; Street; Infrastructure; Terrain mapping ; Land use
Original Abstract: This paper reviews the current understanding of the relationships between radar response patterns and the bio- and geophysical parameters of urban areas. Specifically, it examines the effects of radar system, ground target, and environmental factors on the intensity and pattern of radar returns from urban features. System parameters considered include radar signal wavelength, polarization, incident angle, and look direction. Ground target factors are the dielectric properties and surface roughness of urban features. The environmental variables examined entail terrain relief, street and structure configuration, soil and vegetation types, and the composition, fragmentation, and variation of urban infrastructure elements. The effects of radar data processing techniques on the detectability of settlements and the accuracy of urban land use/land cover mapping are also described.