Laffey, S. C., (1996). Development of a railroad information system
for the Chicago region. GIS/LIS'96 Annual Conference and Exposition
Proceedings Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems/Land Information
Systems Denver, CO, USA 19-21 Nov. 1996
Bethesda, MD, USA American Society for Photogrammetry & Remote
Sensing, pp.749-54.
Keywords: Database management systems; Geographic information systems;
Management information systems; Railways; Railroad information system development;
Chicago region; Fox River Grove; Illinois; usa; Public-at-grade highway-railroad
crossings; Level crossing accidents; Databases; Information integration;
Region-wide railroad IS; Arc/Info; gis; Dynamic segmentation; Arc/attribute
relationships ; Swift Rail Act of 1994
Original abstract: Chicago is the hub of the USA's railroad network.
It therefore needs a unique information system to manage the transportation
system to minimize community-railroad conflicts. Over 1500 trains operate
each day over 1684 route miles of rail lines and 1992 public-at-grade highway-railroad
crossings. Numerous opportunities for conflict between trains and highway/pedestrian
traffic exist. In the period 1990 to 1994, 601 grade crossing accidents
occurred. A tragic accident at Fox River Grove, Illinois, which claimed
the lives of seven school children in October 1995, focused national attention
on the safety of the region's public-at-grade crossings. This paper will
present the methodology used to integrate information from national, state,
and regional databases into a comprehensive region-wide railroad information
system. Arc/Info was the GIS used at CATS to integrate the wealth of available
information. Databases from the Federal Railroad Administration, Illinois
Department of Transportation and the Chicago Area Transportation Study
were translated into tables and then related to the base railroad network
via dynamic segmentation and traditional one to one arc/attribute relationships.
An illustration of the success of the information system will be provided
by demonstrating how the system was used to quantify potential impacts
upon the region's citizens from a proposed rule in the Swift Rail Act of
1994 requiring trains to sound their horns a quarter mile prior to and
through every public-at-grade highway-railroad crossing.
Laptev, I.; H. Mayer; T. Lindeberg; W. Eckstein; C. Steger; A. Baumgartner
(2000). Automatic extraction of roads from aerial images based on scale
space and snakes. Machine Vision and Applications, V12,
(N1): 23-31.
Keywords: Road extraction
Original Abstract: We propose a new approach for automatic road extraction
from aerial imagery with a model and a strategy mainly based on the multi-scale
detection of roads in combination with geometry-constrained edge extraction
using snakes. A main advantage of our approach is, that it allows for the
first time a bridging of shadows and partially occluded areas using the
heavily disturbed evidence in the image. Additionally, it has only few
parameters to be adjusted. The road network is constructed after extracting
crossings with varying shape and topology. We show the feasibility of the
approach not only by presenting reasonable results but also by evaluating
them quantitatively based on ground truth.
Lavalle, C.; D. Ehrlich; A. Annoni, (1998). Sustainable urban development:
the MURBANDY project of the Centre for Earth Observation (CEO). IGARSS
'98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience
and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174) Seattle,
WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.2571-3 vol.5.
Keywords: Geophysical techniques; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping;
Town and country planning; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface;
Town planning; City; Sustainable urban development; MURBANDY project; Centre
for Earth Observation; ceo; Monitoring Urban Dynamics; Europe; Landscape;
Land use; Change ; Urban areas
Original abstract: The project on Monitoring Urban Dynamics (MURBANDY)
is being carried out by the Centre for Earth Observation programme, in
support to the environment and spatial planning policies of the European
Union, with the main objective to provide information on changes and dynamics
of European landscapes. MURBANDY will quantify and analyse structural changes
in urban areas and in their surrounding belts to understand past evolution
and predict future trends of urban developments and their impact of the
quality of environment. The project started in early 1998 and is expected
to produce first results by July 1998. This paper describes the scope and
the methods of the MURBANDY project.
Le Moigne, J.; N. S. Netanyahu; J. G. Masek; D. M. Mount; S. Goward;
M. Honzak, (2000). Geo-registration of Landsat data by robust matching
of wavelet features. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience
and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role
of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120)
IGARSS 2000.Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.1610-12 vol.4.
Keywords: Atmospheric techniques; Clouds; Feature extraction; Geophysical
signal processing; Image matching; Image registration; Remote sensing;
Wavelet transforms; Geo-registration; Landsat data; Robust matching; Wavelet
features; Sub-pixel accuracy registration; Landsat-5 data; Landsat-7 data;
Automated mass processing/analysis system; realm; Scenes; Geometrically
corrected scene; Radiometrically corrected scene; Cloud shadows; Pre-processed
scenes; Landsat chips; Landmark chips; Overcomplete wavelet representation;
Feature matching; Statistically robust techniques; Window; Chip-window
pair ; Robust wavelet feature matching
Original abstract: The goal of our project is to build an operational
system, which will provide a sub-pixel accuracy registration of Landsat-5
and Landsat-7 data. Integrated within an automated mass processing/analysis
system for Landsat data (REALM), the input to our registration method consists
of scenes that have been geometrically and radiometrically corrected, as
well as pre-processed for the detection of clouds and cloud shadows. Such
pre-processed scenes are then geo-registered relative to a database of
Landsat chips. This paper describes our registration process, including
the use of a database of landmark chips, a feature extraction performed
by an overcomplete wavelet representation, and feature matching using statistically
robust techniques. Knowing the approximate longitudes and latitudes of
the four corners of the scene, a subset of chips which represent landmarks
included in the scene are extracted from the database. For each of these
selected landmark chips, a corresponding window is extracted from the scene,
and each chip-window pair is registered using our robust wavelet feature
matching. First results and future directions are presented in the paper.
Lee, B. D.; C. D. Tomlin (1997). Automate transportation corridor
allocation. GIS World, 10, (1): 56-8, 60.
Keywords: Cartography; Data handling; Geographic information systems;
Government data processing; Town and country planning; Traffic engineering
computing; Transportation; Automated transportation corridor allocation;
Digital technology; Transportation planning; Route corridor allocation;
Major highway; Transportation alignments; Public setting; Cartographic
modeling; Raster GIS-based methodology; Data processing control specifications;
Computational language; Mathematical algebra ; Map algebra
Original Abstract: The use of digital technology in most fields often
begins with replicating familiar, nondigital tasks. As this use evolves,
however, new tools and techniques often emerge. In the field of transportation
planning, the advent of digital technology primarily has been associated
with GIS. Although the use of GIS in this field has grown dramatically
during the last decade and is well established, only recently have nontraditional
methods begun to emerge. An area in which GIS use has led to new transportation
planning techniques is route corridor allocation-the process by which major
highway or other transportation alignments are sited to satisfy numerous
criteria in what's often a public setting. Particularly promising is the
use of cartographic modeling, a raster GIS-based methodology that has been
effective in several fields for its ability to encompass wide-ranging issues
in a remarkably clear, consistent manner. Such work is performed by expressing
data, data processing capabilities and data processing control specifications
in terms of elementary units-units that can be recombined with great flexibility.
The result is a computational language similar to mathematical algebra.
In this map algebra, however, variables and operations are cartographic,
rather than arithmetic.
Lefsky, M. A.; D. Harding; W. B. Cohen; G. Parker; H. H. Shugart (1999).
Surface lidar remote sensing of basal area and biomass in deciduous
forests of eastern Maryland, USA. Remote Sensing of Environment,
V67, (N1): 83-98.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: A method of predicting two forest stand structure
attributes, basal area and aboveground biomass, from measurements of forest
vertical structure was developed and tested using field and remotely sensed
canopy structure measurements. Coincident estimates of the vertical distribution
of canopy surface area (the canopy height profile), and field-measured
stand structure attributes were acquired for two data sets. The chronosequence
data set consists of 48 plots in stands distributed within 25 miles of
Annapolis, MD, with canopy height profiles measured in the field using
the optical-quadrat method. The stem-map data set consists of 75 plots
subsetted from a single 32 ha stem-mapped stand, with measurements of their
canopy height profiles made using the SLICER (Scanning Lidar Imager of
Canopies by Echo Recovery) instrument, an airborne surface lidar system.
Four height indices, maximum, median, mean, and quadratic mean canopy height
(QMCH) were calculated from the canopy height profiles. Regressions between
the indices and stand basal area and biomass were developed using the chronosequence
data set. The regression equations developed from the chronosequence data
set were then applied to height indices calculated from the remotely sensed
canopy height profiles from the stem map data set, and the ability of the
regression equations to predict the stem map plot's stand structure attributes
was then evaluated. The QMCH was found to explain the most variance in
the chronosequence data set's stand structure attributes, and to most accurately
predict the values of the same attributes in the stem map data set. For
the chronosequence data set, the QMCH predicted 70% of variance in stand
basal area, and 80% of variance in aboveground biomass, and remained nonasymptotic
with basal areas up to 50 m2 ha-1, and aboveground biomass values up to
450 Mg ha-1. When applied to the stem-map data set, the regression equations
resulted in basal areas that were, on average, underestimated by 2.1 m2
ha-1, and biomass values were underestimated by 16 Mg ha-1, and explained
37% and 33% of variance, respectively. Differences in the magnitude of
the coefficients of determination were due to the wider range of stand
conditions found in the chronosequence data set; the standard deviation
of residual values were lower in the stem map data set than on the chronosequence
data sets. Stepwise multiple regression was performed to predict the two
stand structure attributes using the canopy height profile data directly
as independent variables, but they did not improve the accuracy of the
estimates over the height index approach.
Lepage, R.; R. G. Rouhana; B. St-Onge; R. Noumeir; R. Desjardins (2000).
Cellular neural network for automated detection of geological lineaments
on radarsat images. Ieee Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,
V38, (N3): 1224-1233.
Keywords: feature extraction , Radarsat
Original Abstract: The analysis of natural linear structures, termed
"lineaments" in satellite images, provides important information to the
geologist. In the satellite imaging process, important features of the
observed tridimensional scene, including geological lineaments, are mapped
into the resulting 2D image as sharp radiation variations or edge elements
(edgels). Edgels are detected by a first-order differentiation operator
and are linked together with those in the vicinity on a basis of orientation
continuity. Lineaments are mapped into remotely sensed satellite images
as long and continuous quasilinear features and can be described as a connected
sequence of edgels whose direction may change gradually along the sequence.
Parts of the same lineament can be occluded by geomorphological features
and must be linked together, a major drawback with local and small neighborhood
detectors. The authors propose a cellular neural network (CNN) architecture
to offer a large directional neighborhood to the lineament detection algorithm.
The CNN uses a large circular neighborhood coupled with a directional-induced
gradient field to link together edgels with similar and continuous orientation.
Missing edgels are restored if a surrounding lineament is detected.
Lepofsky, M.; M. Abkowitz; P. Cheng (1993). Transportation Hazard
Analysis in Integrated Gis Environment. Journal of Transportation
Engineering-Asce, V119, (N2): 239-254.
Keywords:
Leprieur, C.; V. Carrere; X. F. Gu (1995). Atmospheric Corrections
and Ground Reflectance Recovery for Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer
(Aviris) Data - Mac Europe 91. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote
Sensing, V61, (N10): 1233-1238.
Keywords: AVIRIS , atmospheric corrections
Lin, C. T.; Y. C. Lee; H. C. Pu (2000). Satellite sensor image classification
using cascaded architecture of neural fuzzy network. Ieee Transactions
on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, V38, N2 PT2: 1033-1043.
Keywords: Image classification
Synopsis: The authors discuss a method of image classification using
a neural fuzzy network. Their goal is to tackle classification of complex
satellite images with such features as mixed pixels. The inputs to this
system are original gray values, statistically structural measurements,
and spectrum features. Their results show that the accuracy of classification
averages about 90%.
Liu, C. H.; A. J. Chen, (1995). An improved spectral knowledge for
multi-temporal images classification-a case study of urban area. 1995
International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS '95. Quantitative
Remote Sensing for Science and Applications (Cat. No.95CH35770) Firenze,
Italy 10-14 July 1995
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.1279-81 vol.2.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques;
Image classification; Image sequences; Optical information processing;
Remote sensing; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Terrain
mapping; Optical imaging; Visible IR infrared; Spectral knowledge; Multi-temporal
image classification; Multispectral remote sensing; Urban area; Normalized
reflectance; Bidirectional reflectance factor; brf; Scene-independent spectral
knowledge; brdf; Divergence ; Apparent reflectance
Original abstract: The authors demonstrate that the normalized reflectance
is much more suitable than bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) as the
scene-independent spectral knowledge as Wharton (1987) suggested. Normalized
reflectance can be obtained from normalization of BRF by its intrinsic
BRDF. Transformed divergences of apparent reflectance, BRF and normalized
reflectance of the urban target in the multi-temporal dataset are compared.
Logsdon, M. G.; E. J. Bell; F. V. Westerlund (1996). Probability
mapping of land use change: a GIS interface for visualizing transition
probabilities. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems,
20, (6): 389-98.
Keywords: Data visualisation; Geographic information systems; Graphical
user interfaces; Markov processes; Probability; Query processing; Town
and country planning; Visual databases; Probability mapping; Land use change;
GIS interface; Transition probability visualization; Query; Spatial pattern;
Land cover; Classifications; Stochastic process; Markov chains; Change
analysis; Geographic information system; Interactive spatial query tool;
Urban growth management policies; Remote sensing; Matrix menus; ARC/INFO
Macro Language ; Hypothesis formulation
Original Abstract: In the past few years the visualization and modeling
of land use change over time has been carried out by summarizing the total
amount, types, and locations of change but without a means to query the
spatial pattern of the individual changes or investigate the probability
of change in or between land cover or land use classifications. We show
how the stochastic process known as Markov chains afford a powerful descriptive
and predictive model for land use changes and for future land use distributions.
We also present an automated interface for change analysis that employs
a geographic information system and an application that facilitates the
construction and spatial query of change mechanisms. This interactive spatial
query tool, conceived for the investigation of the impact of urban growth
management policies, is applied to remote sensing data for 1984 and 1988-89
of the Chesapeake Bay region (U.S.A.). Matrix menus written in ARC/INFO
Macro Language (AML) permit the spatial display of the different land cover
classes and are also an excellent tool for the visualization of dynamic
change and for hypothesis formulation.
Louis, N.; J. J. Korczak, (1998). Synthesis of conceptual hierarchies
applied to remote sensing images. Image and Signal Processing for Remote
Sensing IV Barcelona, Spain 21-23 Sept. 1998
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.397-406.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Image classification; Image
segmentation; Pattern clustering; Remote sensing; Conceptual hierarchies;
Remote sensing images; Large-sized images; Classified images; Image classifications;
Conceptual clustering algorithm; Cobweb; Tree-structured clusters; Heterogenous
hierarchical classifiers; K-means; Unimem; Labyrinth ; Urban zones
Original abstract: Remote sensing is a domain where one of the biggest
important problems is the interpretation of large-sized images. Thereby,
it is not possible for experts to analyze the ceaseless image streams.
In practice, there is a growing interest in understanding concepts discovered
in classified images. Our approach to image classifications is based on
the conceptual clustering algorithm, Cobweb and its extensions. In general,
these algorithms produce tree-structured clusters. However, once the hierarchies
are built, the remote sensing experts need to compare and to synthesize
the obtained hierarchies in terms of conceptual similarities. Two algorithms
are described which produce a synthesis of hierarchies. The first algorithm
can be used to synthesize results generated by heterogenous hierarchical
classifiers, such as K-means, Unimem, Labyrinth. The second algorithm is
an extended version of Cobweb. The experiments carried on urban zones have
shown the universality and the efficiency of our approaches.
Luis, A. J.; S. Isijima (1997). Quantification and analysis of thermal
energy responses from discrete urban surfaces using air-borne radiometric
data. Journal of the Japan Society of Infrared Science and Technology,
7, (2): 85-97.
Keywords: Emissivity; Radiative transfer; Remote sensing; Terrestrial
heat; Thermal energy responses; Discrete urban surfaces; Airborne radiometric
data; Daytime long-wave energy responses; Urban terrain; Remote sensing
data; Radiosonde data; Atmospheric transmittance; LOWTRAN-7 simulation;
Surface emissivity values; Radiative transfer equation; True surface temperatures;
Disposition of thermal energy; Vegetation; Pavements; Natural inert surfaces;
Cultivation; Water; Amount of available moisture; Heterogeneous medium
; Long-wave radiation
Original Abstract: This study addresses a procedure for quantification
and analysis of the daytime long-wave energy responses of the urban terrain
using air-borne remote sensing data. Using radiosonde data, simulation
of the atmospheric transmittance has been carried out by using LOWTRAN-7,
and by providing the appropriate surface emissivity values to the radiative
transfer equation, true surface temperatures have been obtained to retrieve
their corresponding thermal energy. In order to quantify the disposition
of thermal energy from different surfaces, urban landscape has been classified
into five main classes: vegetation, pavements, and natural inert surfaces,
cultivation and water, to represent the main contributing thermal energy
blocks to the lower atmosphere. Further categorization into 19 subclasses
has been done to assess the individual surface thermal energy response
on a smaller scale. The analysis of thermal energy from discrete surfaces
has shown that their thermophysical productivity, and the amount of available
moisture, plays an important role in shaping the magnitude of disposed
thermal energy. Furthermore, the results from this study have shown that
the urban terrain is a heterogeneous medium with complex thermal energy
regimes, when compared to the near-homogeneous ocean surface.
Maat, K.; J. Visser, (1996). A simulation model for urban freight
transport. Geographical Information from Research to Application Through
Cooperation. Second Joint European Conference and Exhibition Proceedings
of Joint European Conference on Geographical Information Barcelona, Spain
27-29 March 1996
Amsterdam, Netherlands IOS Press, pp.699-702 vol.1.
Keywords: Digital simulation; Distributive data processing; Environmental
factors; Geographic information systems; Road traffic; Town and country
planning; Transportation; Simulation model; Urban freight transport; Urban
mobility; Accessibility; Environmental amenity; Conflict of interests;
Policy-makers; Geographic information system; Trips; Routes ; Traffic intensity
Original abstract: Urban mobility is constrained by two fundamental
aims: to ensure both accessibility and environmental amenity. For freight
transport in particular, pursuit of these objectives can lead to a conflict
of interests. Policy-makers need an instrument to evaluate how various
measures affect accessibility and environmental amenity. At the same time,
these measures have to allow for the characteristics specific to the job
of moving goods. In this context, we have been using a GIS to develop a
model that simulates the trips and routes taken in moving freight. The
model aggregates those trips and routes according to indicators of traffic
intensity, accessibility and environmental amenity.
Madhok, V.; D. Landgrebe, (1999). Supplementing hyperspectral data
with digital elevation. IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote
Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293) Hamburg, Germany 28 June-2
July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.59-61 vol.1.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques;
Image classification; Multidimensional signal processing; Sensor fusion;
Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Urban
scene; Town; City; Buildings; Optical remote sensing; Multispectral method;
Hyperspectral method; Image processing; Digital elevation; Roof-top; Flightline;
Washington; Mall; United States; usa; Digital elevation map; Topography;
dem; Identification ; Building boundary
Original abstract: This paper describes an experimental study where
using a fusion of two essentially different types of data proves significantly
superior to the individual use of either one or the other. The task is
to identify and accurately delineate building roof-tops in a flightline
of hyperspectral data of the Washington D.C. Mall. There are 210 channels
of spectral data available, supplemented with a channel containing digital
elevation map (DEM) data for each pixel of the scene. Experiments using
gradient-based algorithms on the DEM data show that its use alone is not
sufficient to sharply delineate building boundaries. A spectral classifier
does not have these problems. However, building roof-tops in this urban
scene are constructed of different materials and are in various states
of condition and illumination. This and the fact that, in some cases, the
material used in roof-tops is spectrally similar to that used in streets
and parking areas make this a challenging classification problem, even
for hyperspectral data. It is shown in this paper that combining hyperspectral
and DEM data can substantially sharpen the identification of building boundaries,
reduce classification error, and lessen dependence on the analyst for classifier
construction.
Maeda, O.; M. Nakamura; B. M. Ombuki; K. Onaga, (1999). A genetic
algorithm approach to vehicle routing problem with time deadlines in geographical
information systems. IEEE SMC'99 Conference Proceedings. 1999 IEEE
International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Tokyo, Japan
12-15 Oct. 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.595-600 vol.4.
Keywords: Genetic algorithms; Geographic information systems; Network
routing; Traffic engineering computing; Transportation; Genetic algorithm;
Vehicle routing problem; Time deadlines; Geographical information systems;
vrptd; Object-oriented geospatial information system ; Traffic network
Original abstract: This paper treats a vehicle routing problem, called
VRPTD, in an object-oriented geospatial information system (GIS). A scheme
to construct a traffic network in the GIS is presented and then a genetic
algorithm based approach to solve it approximately is proposed. Experimental
evaluation shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Magli, E.; G. Olmo, (2000). Integrated compression and linear feature
detection in the wavelet domain. Proceedings 2000 International Conference
on Image Processing (Cat. No.00CH37101) Proceedings of 7th IEEE International
Conference on Image Processing Vancouver, BC, Canada 10-13 Sept. 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.889-92 vol.3.
Keywords: Data compression; Edge detection; Feature extraction;
Geophysical signal processing; Hough transforms; Image coding; Remote sensing;
Transform coding; Wavelet transforms; Linear feature detection; Wavelet
domain; Earth observation missions; Lossy compression; Ground transmission;
Discarded images; On-board image selection; Straight patterns; Hough transform;
Complexity; Performance ; Real-time data throughput
Original abstract: In many Earth observation missions, a large amount
of data are collected by the on-board sensors, and must be transmitted
to ground through a channel with limited capacity; in this case, besides
lossy compression, one often has to select a subset of the original images
for ground transmission. It is then desirable that the discarded images
are those with a minor information content. In this paper we propose an
algorithm for on-board image selection, which is fully integrated within
a wavelet-based image compression scheme. The algorithm selects images
possibly containing straight patterns, and uses the Hough transform, performed
in the wavelet domain, for the detection task. It is shown that this method
achieves a notable complexity reduction at the expense of a limited performance
degradation, strongly increasing the sustainable real-time data throughput.
Maingnenand, M. (2000). A query resolution engine to handle a path
operator with multiple paths. Transportation Research Part C (Emerging
Technologies), 8C, (1-6): 109-27.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Query processing; Query
resolution engine; Path operator; Multiple paths; End-user query; Geographical
information system; Transportation; gis-t; Path evaluation operator; Alphanumeric
criteria; Path evaluation; Spatial intersection; Database query language;
Multicriteria analysis; Query aggregates; Metabase; Database ; Visual ambiguities
Original Abstract: An end-user query of a geographical information
system (GIS) can formally be defined as the application of a set of operators
(spatial or not). GIS used for transportation (GIS-T) must provide a path
evaluation operator. For example, an end-user query may involve a selection
based on alphanumeric criteria, an evaluation of path, and a spatial intersection.
This composition of operators and the fact that the evaluation of a path
may not provide a unique result impose the definition of a query resolution
model or a database query language able to support this composition. In
this paper we present a query resolution model. The use of multicriteria
analysis and the definition of aggregates in a query (nearly mandatory)
may involve ambiguities in the final presentation of the results to an
end-user. The formal modeling of query results must take into account this
risk. The philosophies of a query definition and the presentation of the
results may be different (e.g., formular vs visual). The management of
query results must take into account the data model associated with the
query results, the results themselves (metabase/database), and the interpretation.
The interpretation avoids errors due to visual ambiguities of an operator
with an aggregate function.
Majetic, M.; M. Dugacki; R. Kopal, (1997). Practical example of using
GIS/GPS in MUP, Police Department of Zagreb. Proceedings. 17th Conference
on Transportation Systems, Automation in Transportation '97 Proceedings
17th Conference on Transportation Systems. Automation in Transportation
'97 Osijek/Bizovac, Croatia & Budapest, Hungary 19-21 Nov. 1997
Zagreb, Croatia KoREMA, pp.51-5.
Keywords: Administrative data processing; Geographic information
systems; Global Positioning System; Police data processing; Geographic
information system; gis; Zagreb Police Department; Addresses ; Street names
Original abstract: The geographic information system (GIS) used by
the Ministry of the Interior of Croatian Police Department of Zagreb enables
time and area arrangement of the events as well as their analysis. This
information is stored as a collection of theme layers related according
to their geographic significance. This geographic information consists
of the implicit reference such as addresses, municipality, street names
and house numbers. Automatic geocoding is used to obtain explicit geographic
references from the implicit ones (described as addresses). These geographic
references enable location of some characteristics as well as Global Positioning
System (GPS) usage. The application realised by ArcView 3.0 shows practical
usage in different searching aims (street, address, objects, etc.), in
criminal analyses and the analyses of different events (car stealing, robberies,
burglaries, accidents, etc.), and in car protection by GPS.
Manian, V.; R. Vasquez; P. Katiyar (2000). Texture classification
using logical operators. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,
9, (10): 1693-703.
Keywords: Convolution; Feature extraction; Image classification;
Image sampling; Image segmentation; Image texture; Mathematical operators;
Texture classification; Logical operators; Texture images; Texture discrimination;
Standard deviation matrices; Zonal sampling features; Feature selection;
Feature normalization; Euclidean distance classifier; Convolutions; Remote
sensing images; Compressed images; Reconstructed images ; Industrial images
Original Abstract: In this paper, a new algorithm for texture classification
based on logical operators is presented. Operators constructed from logical
building blocks are convolved with texture images. An optimal set of six
operators are selected based on their texture discrimination ability. The
responses are then converted to standard deviation matrices computed over
a sliding window. Zonal sampling features are computed from these matrices.
A feature selection process is applied and the new set of features are
used for texture classification. Classification of several natural and
synthetic texture images are presented demonstrating the excellent performance
of the logical operator method. The computational superiority and classification
accuracy of the algorithm is demonstrated by comparison with other popular
methods. Experiments with different classifiers and feature normalization
are also presented. The Euclidean distance classifier is found to perform
best with this algorithm. The algorithm involves only convolutions and
simple arithmetic in the various stages which allows faster implementations.
The algorithm is applicable to different types of classification problems
which is demonstrated by segmentation of remote sensing images, compressed
and reconstructed images and industrial images.
Manolakis, D.; C. Siracusa; G. Shaw (2001). Hyperspectral subpixel
target detection using the linear mixing model. IEEE Transactions
on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 39, (7): 1392-409.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical
techniques; Image processing; Multidimensional signal processing; Remote
sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface;
Hyperspectral remote sensing; Visible; ir; Subpixel target detection; Linear
mixing model; Multispectral remote sensing; Detectability; Spectral signature
; Algorithm
Original Abstract: Relative to multispectral sensing, hyperspectral
sensing can increase the detectability of pixel and subpixel size targets
by exploiting finer detail in the spectral signatures of targets and natural
backgrounds. Over the past several years, different algorithms for the
detection of full-pixel or subpixel targets with known spectral signature
have been developed. The authors take a closer and more in-depth look at
the class of subpixel target detection algorithms that explore the linear
mixing model (LMM) to characterize the targets and the interfering background.
Sensor noise is modeled as a Gaussian random vector with uncorrelated components
of equal variance. The paper makes three key contributions. First, it provides
a complete and self-contained theoretical derivation of a subpixel target
detector using the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) approach and
the LMM. Some other widely used algorithms are obtained as byproducts.
The performance of the resulting detector, under the postulated model,
is discussed in great detail to illustrate the effects of the various operational
factors. Second, it introduces a systematic approach to investigate how
well the adopted model characterizes the data, and how robust the detection
algorithm is to model-data mismatches. Finally, it compares the derived
algorithms with regard to two desirable properties: capacity to operate
in constant false alarm rate mode and ability to increase the separation
between target and background.
Marazzi, A.; P. Gamba; A. Mecocci; E. Costamagna, (1997). A mixed
fractal/wavelet based approach for characterization of textured remote
sensing images. IGARSS'97. 1997 International Geoscience and Remote
Sensing Symposium. Remote Sensing - A Scientific Vision for Sustainable
Development (Cat. No.97CH36042) Singapore 3-8 Aug. 1997
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.655-7 vol.2.
Keywords: Fractals; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques;
Image texture; Remote sensing; Wavelet transforms; Geophysical measurement
technique; Image processing; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Fractal wavelet
based approach; Wavelet transform; Textured remote sensing image; Image
segmentation; Wavelet multiscale analysis; Fractal characterization ; Textured
image
Original abstract: One of the problems encountered in the field of
remote sensing image characterization, is the choice for the right features.
The addition of textures as a discriminating parameter is a good help in
the step of segmentation of different zones. The authors present an approach
that is a mix between a wavelet multiscale analysis and a fractal characterization,
in order to exploit both the main characteristic of the two approaches
and to override the limitations of the two techniques. The chain was applied
to different textured images showing an improvement respect to other methods
based on wavelet transform and fractal approach alone.
Marchessault, T.; D. K. Thirumalai, (1999). DOT RS Policy (Power point file). A National Forum on Remote Sensing Applications to Transportation, May 11-12, 1999, Washington DC. http://scitech.dot.gov/reeng/sensmsrm/rmtsense/sbrsagnd.html,
Marchisio, G. B.; K. Koperski; M. Sanella, (2000). Querying remote
sensing and GIS repositories with spatial association rules. IGARSS
2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.
Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing
the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) IGARSS 2000. Honolulu,
HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.3054-6 vol.7.
Keywords: Data mining; Geographic information systems; Geophysical
signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image processing; Query formulation;
Query processing; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement
technique; Land surface; Querying; gis; Spatial association rule; Data
fusion; Multispectral image; Spatial association rules; Topological relationship;
Spatial orientation; Ordering; Distance information; Image segmentation;
Algorithm; Pixel level; Region level; Scene level; Indexing strategy; Scene
level feature; Feature extraction; Image texture; Classification ; Spatial
relationship
Original abstract: The authors describe the fusion of multispectral
image and GIS data mining functions in a module that implements spatial
association rules. Spatial association rules may represent: 1) topological
relationships between spatial objects; 2) spatial orientation or ordering;
and 3) distance information. Their approach relies on a fast and unique
segmentation algorithm that combines information with edge-based information
in a variational framework. The indexing strategy distinguishes between
three levels of features: 1) pixel level, 2) region level, and 3) scene
level features. They use pixel level information for the extraction of
higher level features, and in the process of query refinement. Region level
features describe groups of contiguous pixels. Following segmentation,
they describe each region with a boundary and a number of attributes, like
spectral endmember types and percentages, textural classes, shape, size,
fractal scale, etc. They quantify shape, orientation and other geometric
properties of the segments by computing 32 moments. Scene level features
describe global properties of whole scenes, and the spatial relationships
of the largest regions in them. The second level of features can optionally
support definition of semantic labels from multiple attributes, which include
GIS attributes, if present. At a higher level, they can attempt to construct
semantic labels from a tree of topological relationships. They store images
and features in a database to enable fast access, data integrity and easy
interfacing with other applications.
Marmo, J. (1996). Hyperspectral imager will view many colors of earth.
Laser Focus World, 32, (8): 85-6, 88, 91-2.
Keywords: CCD image sensors; Focal planes; Geophysical techniques;
Infrared detectors; Infrared spectrometers; Mirrors; Optical focusing;
Photodetectors; Remote sensing; Spectrometers; Town and country planning;
Colors; Earth; Hyperspectral imager; Focal-plane-array detector; Three-mirror;
Off-axis foreoptics; Panchromatic detector; Near-infrared spectrometer;
Visible spectrometer; VNIR focal-plane array; Three-phase charge-coupled
device; Split frame transfer; Vegetative terrain sensing; 12.5 cm; 400
to 1000 nm ; 900 to 2500 nm
Original Abstract: The focal-plane-array detector/imagers of the hyperspectral
imager (HSI) share 12.5-cm-aperture, three-mirror, off-axis foreoptics.
The panchromatic detector lies at the focus of the foreoptics, as do the
slits of the spectrometers. The visible/near-infrared (VNIR) spectrometer
covers the 400-1000-nm waveband. The VNIR focal-plane array (FPA) consists
of a custom three-phase charge-coupled device (CCD) in a split frame transfer.
Martinez, P.; D. Schertzer; K. Pham, (1996). Texture analysis by
universal multifractal features in a polarimetric SAR image. IGARSS
'96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Remote
Sensing for a Sustainable Future (Cat. No.96CH35875) Lincoln, NE, USA 27-31
May 1996
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.37-9 vol.1.
Keywords: Fractals; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques;
Image classification; Image segmentation; Image texture; Radar imaging;
Radar polarimetry; Radar signal processing; Remote sensing by radar; Spaceborne
radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Geophysical measurement technique; Radar
remote sensing; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Vegetation mapping; Forest;
SAR imagery; Image texture analysis; Universal multifractal features; Fractal;
Image processing; Natural image texture; Two-dimensional multifractal cascade
process; Universal multifractal theory; Supervised segmentation; sir-c;
L-band; Urban area; UHF radar ; Cultivated fields
Original abstract: Multifractal features have been widely used in geophysics
to characterize natural phenomena but seldom in image processing. Therefore,
in this study, the authors show that these features can also be efficient
in texture classification. They assume that a natural image texture is
the result of a specific two-dimensional multifractal cascade process and
so, according to the universal multifractal theory, few parameters are
enough to entirely describe this process and therefore the texture. As
the multifractal parameters are quite linearly separable, a very simple
and fast algorithm is run for the supervised segmentation. In practice,
the authors have computed these features on a SIR-C L-band polarimetric
SAR image, and used them to segment this image into five classes (sea,
shore, forest, urban areas and cultivated fields).
Mason, S. O.; E. P. Baltsavias; I. Bishop (1997). Spatial decision
support systems for the management of informal settlements. Computers,
Environment and Urban Systems, 21, (3-4): 189-208.
Keywords: Data visualisation; Decision support systems; Geographic
information systems; Image processing; Remote sensing; Town and country
planning; Visual databases; Spatial decision support systems; Informal
settlement management; Ecosystem; Local planning; Geospatial data access;
Interactive decision environment; Urban planning; Data update; Data visualization;
Data accessibility; Digital aerial imagery; Three-dimensional settlement
models; Two-dimensional settlement models; Digital image analysis ; Spatial
information dissemination
Original Abstract: Informal settlements are characterized by rapid,
unstructured expansion, poorly constructed buildings, and destruction of
the local ecosystem. The improvement of living conditions in informal settlements
is best tackled at the local level. Effective local planning and management,
however, can only be made through access to adequate geo-spatial data.
This paper considers a number of promising trends in the realm of spatial
information and the contribution which each of these may make to greater
capability, validity and accessibility in an interactive decision environment
(IDE) for urban planning and management. The potential development directions
reported in this article offer increased capabilities for frequent data
update, new directions for modeling and visualization, and wider data accessibility
and dissemination. We examine the role of geographic information systems
(GIS) for managing living quality improvement in informal settlements.
Data capture options are then explored with emphasis on the potential of
imagery derived from low-cost digital aerial imagery. Developments towards
automatically generating two- and three-dimensional settlement models from
this imagery using remote sensing and digital image analysis techniques
are outlined. We conclude with an examination of the integration of visualization
technologies in IDE and their role in the dissemination of spatial (and
other) information for urban planning.
Masuoka, P.; T. Foresman; S. Fifer; W. Acevedo; S. Clark; J. Crawford;
J. Buchanan, (1995). Visualization techniques for the analysis of Baltimore
regional GIS data. GIS/LIS *95 Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings
of Geographic Information Systems/Land Information Systems Nashville, TN,
USA 14-16 Nov. 1995 Bethesda, MD, USA American Soc. Photogrammetry &
Remote Sensing & American Congress on Surveying & Mapping, pp.704-12
vol.2.
Keywords: Cartography; Colour graphics; Data analysis; Data visualisation;
History; Remote sensing; Topography (Earth); Town and country planning;
Data visualization techniques; Baltimore regional GIS data analysis; Census
data; Satellite images; Baltimore-Washington corridor; Historical changes;
Urban patterns; Rural patterns; Population density; Land cover; Digital
elevation models; Vector data; Roads; Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery;
pci easi/pace; erdas; Arc/Info; Contour maps; Color shaded relief maps;
Perspective images; Urbanization ; Geometrical distortion
Original abstract: The University of Maryland is participating in a
joint research project to assemble a GIS consisting of maps, census data
and satellite images of the Baltimore, MD, USA area from the 1700s to the
present. The GIS will eventually be expanded to include a 2 degrees -by-2
degrees region that encompasses the Baltimore-Washington corridor. The
GIS will allow researchers to study historical changes in urban and rural
patterns, population density and land cover. This paper describes preliminary
work being done to test various ways to visualize the data in preparation
for the completed GIS. Data sources include 1:100,000 and 1:250,000 scale
digital elevation (DE) models, vector data of roads and urban land cover,
and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery. The software used to visualize
the data included PCI*s EASI/PACE, ERDAS and Arc/Info. Various images were
tested as a background for displaying the GIS data including: DE images,
contour maps, shaded relief maps, color shaded relief maps, perspective
images, and 6) Landsat TM images. Both TM and DE images provided a visually
pleasing portrayal of the data. TM images have the advantage of providing
a large amount of information about the area and a sense of the ultimate
extent of the urbanization. DE images provided a simpler background that
might be more appropriate if a less distracting background is desired.
Perspective scenes were found to give a natural view that is more readily
understood than traditional 2D map formats. However, perspective images
necessarily distort the map which may give a false impression of more urban
growth in the foreground than in the background.
Mathieu-Marni, S.; P. Leymarie; M. Berthod, (1995). Removing ambiguities
in a multispectral image classification. 1995 International Geoscience
and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS '95. Quantitative Remote Sensing for
Science and Applications (Cat. No.95CH35770) Firenze, Italy 10-14 July
1995
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.1918-20 vol.3.
Keywords: Forestry; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques;
Image classification; Optical information processing; Geophysical measurement
technique; Land use; Terrain mapping; Vegetation mapping; Forest; Optical
imaging; Visible infrared satellite remote sensing; Ambiguity removal;
Multispectral image classification; Classified satellite image; Label mistake;
Maximum likehood method; Vineyard; Agriculture; Urban zone; Bare soil;
Planted pines ; Tree density
Original abstract: This article deals with the processing of already
classified satellite images according to land use in order to remove ambiguities,
i.e. mistakes in labels. Those images have already been classified with
the maximum likehood method but some classes are not correctly determined.
For the elimination of ambiguities in this kind of class, the authors applied
their method of determination of land use mixture in pixels. They first
briefly review their method of determination of land use mixture. Then
they explain how they deal with ambiguities in labels of the maximum likehood
classification. They finish with three examples of satellite images that
have not correctly been classified. The first one is the vineyard case.
Another example for bare soil and urban zone. The last one is a forestry
survey application, the determination of the planted pines density.
Maupin, P.; P. Le Quere; R. Desjardins; M. C. Mouchot; B. St-Onge; B.
Solaiman, (1997). Contribution of mathematical morphology and fuzzy
logic to the detection of spatial change in an urbanized area: towards
a greater integration of image and geographical information systems.
IGARSS'97. 1997 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.
Remote Sensing - A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development (Cat.
No.97CH36042) Singapore 3-8 Aug. 1997
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.207-9 vol.1.
Keywords: Fuzzy logic; Geographic information systems; Geophysical
signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image processing; Image sequences;
Mathematical morphology; Remote sensing; Geophysical measurement technique;
Land surface; Terrain mapping; Image sequence; gis; Geographic information
system; Change detection; Spatial change; Urban area; Urbanized area; Geographical
information system; Topology ; Grey scale image
Original abstract: This paper presents a new approach to spatial change
detection. It emphasizes the use of topology for the comprehension of grey
scale images, through mathematical morphology and fuzzy logic. In conclusion,
issues to the problem of change detection and integration of images into
GIS are proposed.
Mausel, P.; D. LeBoutillier; Indiana. Dept. of Transportation; Indiana
State University. Dept. of Geography and Geology (1994). Evaluation
of SPOT and Landsat TM data to update DLG and TIGER-delineated transportation
features and development of land cover patterns for INDOT application (HPR
2069). Terre Haute Ind., Indiana State University Dept. of Geography
and Geology.
Mayer, S., (2000). Extraction of tree groups from high-resolution
digital surface models. Proceedings 2000 International Conference on
Image Processing (Cat. No.00CH37101) Proceedings of 7th IEEE International
Conference on Image Processing Vancouver, BC, Canada 10-13 Sept. 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.712-15 vol.2.
Keywords: Edge detection; Feature extraction; Forestry; Interpolation;
Terrain mapping; Tree groups; High-resolution digital surface models; dsm;
Spectral reflectances; Remote sensing information processing; Image processing
tasks; Object extraction; Preliminary above-ground-model; Nonground points;
Object heights ; Contouring algorithm
Original abstract: Digital surface models (DSMs) represent a complementary
data source to images based on spectral reflectances in remote sensing
information processing. Especially high resolution DSMs (sub-meter scale)
offer a level of detail sufficient for most forest interpretation tasks.
One major drawback in DSM data is the inherent union of object and terrain
height. This aggravates image processing tasks like object extraction.
It is the aim of this paper to overcome this drawback and solve the problem
of extracting borders of tree groups as well as their heights above the
ground on the basis of a DSMs of forested areas. The presented approach
can be subdivided as follows: first the original DSM is normalized to a
preliminary above-ground-model by comparing all pixels to a minimum value
in their neighborhood. Non-ground points are identified by thresholding
this model. The ground elevation of the non-ground regions is interpolated
based on the elevation of the pixels neighboring these regions. Subtracting
the resulting DTM from the original DSM yields precise object heights.
Finally, a contouring algorithm is applied to retrieve the borders of the
tree groups.
McCormack, E.; T. Nyerges (1997). What transportation modeling needs
from a GIS: A conceptual framework. Transportation Planning and
Technology, V21, (N1-2): 5-23.
Keywords:
McKeown, D. M. J.; S. D. Cochran; S. J. Ford; J. C. McGlone; J. A. Shufelt;
D. A. Yocum (1999). Fusion of HYDICE hyperspectral data with panchromatic
imagery for cartographic feature extraction. IEEE Transactions on
Geoscience and Remote Sensing, V37, (N3): 1261-1277.
Keywords: feature extraction , HYDICE sensor system, hyperspectral
analysis
Original Abstract: Research at the Digital Mapping Laboratory has focused
on the automated analysis of aerial imagery for cartographic feature extraction.
However, it has long been the authors' belief that optimal performance
in cartographic feature extraction can be obtained only by the combination,
or fusion, of feature extraction systems which use differing information
sources and processing methods. This paper describes experiments on the
pairwise fusion of cartographic feature extraction systems; surface material
maps obtained from the classification of hyper-spectral imagery, digital
elevation models derived from stereo panchromatic imagery, and three-dimensional
(3D) building hypotheses generated from single panchromatic images. Fusion
experiments were performed on three test areas and detailed evaluations
conducted. The results showed that using surface material or stereo information
to focus processing of the building extraction system led to significantly
better overall performance and runtimes. Utilizing building hypotheses
to refine material classification showed mixed results, due partially to
residual registration errors.
Meister, G.; W. Lucht; A. Rothkirch; H. Spitzer, (1999). Large scale
multispectral BRDF of an urban area. IEEE 1999 International Geoscience
and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293) Hamburg, Germany
28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.821-3 vol.2.
Keywords: Image resolution; Remote sensing; Large scale multispectral
BRDF; Urban area; Nuremberg; Germany; Spatial resolution; Nadir; Retrosolar
direction; 3-D surface structure ; Shadow casting
Original abstract: This paper presents BRDF data of an urban area,
assuming a pixel size of about 750 m*750 m. It is derived from multispectral
scanner data acquired over Nuremberg, Germany, with a small spatial resolution
(pixel size 2.1 m*2.1 m) by averaging over several 1000 lines of scanned
data. The data show a clear decrease of reflectance across the nadir as
distance from the retrosolar direction increases. This behaviour is created
by the 3-D surface structure of an urban scene and the associated shadow
casting.
Meister, G.; A. Rothkirch; R. Wiemker; J. Bienlein; H. Spitzer, (1998).
Modeling the directional reflectance (BRDF) of a corrugated roof and
experimental verification. IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment.
1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings.
(Cat. No.98CH36174) Seattle, WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.1487-9 vol.3.
Keywords: Geophysical techniques; Light scattering; Remote sensing;
Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Building
roof; Specular peak; Urban area; Optical imaging; Directional reflectance;
Model; Corrugated roof; Experimental verification; brdf; Bidirectional
reflectance distribution function ; Corrugated tile
Original abstract: Remotely sensed images with a pixel size of about
1 m can nowadays be acquired by airborne scanners and in the near future
also by high resolution satellites. With such a high spatial resolution,
remotely sensed data of urban areas can resolve structures like a roof
into the different surface segments with different inclinations, e.g. in
the case of a gabled roof. The authors have measured the BRDF (bidirectional
reflectance distribution function) effects thoroughly on a roof covered
with corrugated (sinusoidally shaped) roof tiles and on a sample of flat
roof tiles. They modeled the shape of the corrugated tiles by a cosine
function and assumed that every infinitesimal surface patch of the roof
tile has a BRDF proportional to the BRDF of the flat roof tile. Model results
and measurements agree well. The most critical parameters are the ratio
height over wavelength of the sinusoidal roof tiles and the intensity of
the specular peak of the surface patch. It is possible to retrieve these
parameters from the measurements.
Mekuria, M., (1995). Application of GIS/GPS to solve ISTEA management
in a state highway department. GIS/LIS *95 Annual Conference and Exposition
Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems/Land Information Systems
Nashville, TN, USA 14-16 Nov. 1995
Bethesda, MD, USA American Soc. Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing
& American Congress on Surveying & Mapping, pp.730-9 vol.2.
Keywords: cad; Cartography; Data analysis; Engineering graphics;
Geographic information systems; Global Positioning System; Government data
processing; Integrated software; Law administration; Legislation; Relational
databases; Transportation; Computer-aided drafting and design; ISTEA management;
State government; Geographical information systems; Intermodal Surface
Transportation Efficiency Act; State agencies; Transportation infrastructure;
Spatial data; Attribute data; CADD graphics; Spatial analysis techniques
; Massachusetts Highway Department
Original abstract: The use of GISs (geographical information systems)
and GPS (the Global Positioning System) is rapidly growing in state and
local government. As ISTEA (the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency
Act) mandates all state agencies to have a coordinated program to tackle
the transportation infrastructure issues, the search for solutions has
increasingly pointed to GIS technology. The sophistication of GISs to solve
complex transportation problems is increasing every day. A GIS needs spatial
and attribute data to analyze and display results. The merging of CADD
graphics, relational databases and spatial analysis techniques is the focus
of this paper. This paper details GIS/GPS efforts at the Massachusetts
Highway Department.
Meloy, J. H.; J. L. Kurtz, (1999). Ultra-wideband radar evaluation
environment for automatic target detection/recognition algorithms.
Radar Sensor Technology IV Orlando, FL, USA 8 April 1999
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.106-12.
Keywords: Image recognition; Military radar; Programming environments;
Radar computing; Radar detection; Radar imaging; Radar target recognition;
Synthetic aperture radar; Ultra-wideband radar evaluation environment;
Automatic target detection; Recognition algorithms; Obscured targets; Evaluation
environment; Coherent algorithm approach; University of Florida; Software
environment ; UWB SAR ATD/R algorithms
Original abstract: Ultra-wideband (UWB) synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
is a promising new technology that has the potential for detecting and
recognizing targets obscured by foliage or buried beneath the ground. The
Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is conducting a significant research effort
in automatic target detection/recognition (ATD/R) algorithms for UWB SAR.
The goal of the current ATD/R algorithm research effort is to develop a
baseline algorithm approach to accompany newly developed UWB SAR hardware
into near-term technology demonstration programs. To accomplish this goal,
ARL has assembled a team of researchers from within ARL and from several
universities, having expertise in radar, electromagnetics, signal processing
and target recognition. Many new and promising ideas currently are being
exploited. An evaluation environment was needed to support the integration
of those ideas into a coherent algorithm approach. The University of Florida,
as part of this project with ARL, has developed a software environment
for the development, integration and evaluation of UWB SAR ATD/R algorithms.
This paper describes the software environment that serves as the vehicle
for integrating the efforts of the various algorithm researchers by providing
a set of standards and tools that will enable the various algorithms to
be hosted on the same computer system, access a common database, and be
evaluated in various combinations against a statistically significant quantity
of field-collected data.
Merchant, D. C.
Topo Photo, Inc.
3894 Chevington Rd.
Columbus, Ohio 43220-4719
Airborne GPS-Photogrammetry for Transportation Systems
ASPRS
http://wwwsgi.ursus.maine.edu/gisweb/spatdb/acsm/ac94045.html
Meric, S.; G. Chassay; O. Bechu; T. Tenoux (1998). Propagation prediction
calculation used for SAR imaging urban area. Electronics Letters,
34, (11): 1147-9.
Keywords: Backscatter; Radar computing; Radar cross-sections; Radar
imaging; Radiowave propagation; Remote sensing by radar; Synthetic aperture
radar; Propagation prediction calculation; SAR imaging; Urban area; SAR
processing simulator; Propagation prediction software; Backscattered signal;
xsiradif; sisar ; rcs
Original Abstract: An SAR (synthetic aperture radar) processing simulator
is used to obtain images of an urban area. The performances of a propagation
prediction software are linked with the capabilities of the SAR simulator
to calculate the backscattered signal from an urban area and to establish
the related SAR image.
Mesev, V. (1997). Remote sensing of urban systems: hierarchical integration
with GIS. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 21,
(3-4): 175-87.
Keywords: Data handling; Geographic information systems; Remote
sensing; Town and country planning; Visual databases; Urban systems; gis;
Geographical information systems; Spatial data handling; Database updating;
Data repetition; Errors; Hierarchically levelled schema; Data unity; Measurement
conformity; Positional integrity; Statistical relationships; Classification
compatibility; Land cover; Land use ; Spatial resolution
Original Abstract: In an age of unprecedented data proliferation, the
closer integration of remote sensing (RS) and geographical information
systems (GIS) has assumed greater urgency for the handling of disparate,
yet complimentary spatial data. At best, RS-GIS integration can facilitate
extended inventories, greater analytical flexibility, rapid database updating,
and broader potential applications. However, at worst, RS-GIS integration
may cause data repetition, compounded errors, analytical complexity, and
unfocused objectives. To ensure more successful integration, this paper
formalizes a hierarchically levelled schema for the careful and structured
deliberation of all necessary steps. At the top of the hierarchy are the
issues of data unity, measurement conformity, positional integrity, statistical
relationships, classification compatibility, and overall integration design.
Each of these, and others throughout the hierarchy, are then more fully
examined with reference to specific urban problems such as the land cover/use
dichotomy, spatial resolution, and links between urban structure and function.
Miller, H. J. (1999). Potential contributions of spatial analysis
to geographic information systems for transportation (GIS-T). Geographical
Analysis, V31, (N4): 373-399.
Keywords:
Miller, H. J.; J. D. Storm (1996). Geographic information system
design for network equilibrium-based travel demand models. Transportation
Research Part C (Emerging Technologies), 4C, (6): 373-89.
Keywords: Data handling; Geographic information systems; Road traffic;
Spatial data structures; Traffic engineering computing; Transportation;
Visual databases; Geographic information system; Network equilibrium; Travel
demand models; Trip generation; Trip distribution; Modal split; Network
assignment; Multimodal transportation network; Database integrity ; User
interfaces
Original Abstract: Travel demand modeling faces two obstacles. First,
standard practice solves the four travel components (trip generation, trip
distribution, modal split and network assignment) in a sequential manner.
This can result in inconsistencies and non-convergence. Second, the data
required are often complex and difficult to manage. Recent advances in
formal methods for network equilibrium-based travel demand modeling and
computational platforms for spatial data handling can overcome these obstacles.
In this paper we report on the development of a prototype geographic information
system (GIS) design to support network equilibrium-based travel demand
models. The GIS design has several key features including: 1) realistic
representation of the multimodal transportation network, 2) increased likelihood
of database integrity after updates, 3) effective user interfaces, and
4) efficient implementation of network equilibrium solution algorithms.
Miller, H. J.; J. D. Storm; M. Bowen, (1995). GIS design for multimodal
network analysis. GIS/LIS *95 Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings
of Geographic Information Systems/Land Information Systems Nashville, TN,
USA 14-16 Nov. 1995
Bethesda, MD, USA American Soc. Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing
& American Congress on Surveying & Mapping, pp.750-9 vol.2.
Keywords: Data integrity; Geographic information systems; Town and
country planning; Transportation; Visual databases; Geographic information
system; Simultaneous transportation equilibrium model; gis-stem; Multimodal
network analysis; Travel demand modeling; Data management; Nonconvergence;
Error propagation; Database design; Database consistency; Near-continuous
data updating; Data accessibility; Graphic display; Urban-scale model;
Complex functional dependencies ; Database life-span
Original abstract: A research team in the Department of Geography and
the DIGIT (Digitally Integrated Geographic Information Technologies) Laboratory
at the University of Utah is developing a GIS-based simultaneous transportation
equilibrium model (GIS-STEM). This addresses two obstacles to travel demand
modeling. First, the formal model simultaneously solves the four components
of a travel demand analysis, eliminating the potential inconsistencies,
nonconvergence and error propagation inherent in the traditional sequential
strategy. Second, an innovative multimodal network database design maximizes
the likelihood of database consistency after updating. This complements
the ability of a GIS platform to provide efficient data management, data
accessibility and graphic display of model results. This paper describes
the multimodal network design in the GIS-STEM. The data required for an
urban-scale, multimodal network model can be formidable. In addition, the
presence of complex functional dependencies in a multimodal transportation
network can result in database inconsistencies after updates. This can
be critical: the dynamic nature of the urban transportation environment
virtually ensures near-continuous data updating over the expected database
life-span. Also, this life-span is likely to encompass many years. Ensuring
data consistency over the database life-span is a major motivation behind
the multimodal network design used in our GIS-based transportation model,
although the design has other conceptual and practical advantages as well.
Miller, H. J.; W. Yi-Hwa (2000). GIS software for measuring space-time
accessibility in transportation planning and analysis. GeoInformatica,
4, (2): 141-59.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Town and country planning;
Transportation; GIS software; Space-time accessibility measures; Transportation
planning; Transportation analysis; Intelligent transportation system; Locations;
Travel velocities; Daily activity schedules; Urban-scale transportation
networks; ArcInfo-linked software system; Windows NT; Sun Solaris; Project
management tools ; User-friendly interfaces
Original Abstract: Transportation systems exist to improve individual
accessibility. However, emerging applications of GIS in transportation
(GIS-T) and intelligent transportation system (ITS) focus on throughput
(the amount of system flow) rather than accessibility. Throughput is related
but not equivalent to accessibility. Sensitive transportation planning
requires rigorous, realistic and tractable accessibility measures. This
paper reports on the development of GIS software that implement space-time
accessibility measures (STAMs). The STAMs reflect the benefits that individuals
receive from the transportation system. They are easily interpreted, particularly
with respect to changes in accessibility. The STAMs also consider the locations
and travel velocities dictated by the transportation system as well as
individuals' daily activity schedules. Tractable computational procedures
allow calculation of the STAMs for detailed, urban-scale transportation
networks. A prototype ArcInfo(R)-linked software system that runs on Windows
NT(R) or Sun Solaris(R) platform implements the STAMs with user-friendly
interfaces and project management tools.
Miller, H. J.; W. Yi-Hwa; H. Ming-Chih, (1999). GIS-based dynamic
traffic congestion modeling to support time-critical logistics. Proceedings
of the 32nd Annual Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences.
1999. HICSS-32. Abstracts and CD-ROM of Full Papers Proceedings of HICSS
32 - 32nd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences Maui,
HI, USA 5-8 Jan. 1999
Los Alamitos, CA, USA IEEE Comput. Soc, pp.9 pp.
Keywords: Data visualisation; Decision support systems; Geographic
information systems; Goods dispatch data processing; Graphical user interfaces;
Logistics data processing; Traffic information systems; Transportation;
Visual databases; GIS-based dynamic traffic congestion modeling; Time-critical
logistics; Time-sensitive procurement activities; Time-sensitive processing
activities; Time-sensitive distribution activities; Transportation networks;
GIS-based decision support system; Shortest path routing; Network flow
prediction; Temporal resolutions; Departure time; Shipment destination
reaching; Database management capabilities; Cartographic visualization;
Network disruptions ; What-if scenarios
Original abstract: Time-critical logistics (TCL) refer to time-sensitive
procurement, processing and distribution activities. A confounding factor
is the transportation networks that contain these logistic systems. This
paper reports on a GIS-based decision support system for dynamic congestion
modeling and shortest path routing in TCL. The system predicts network
flow at detailed temporal resolutions and solves for the combined departure
time and shortest path required for a shipment to reach its destination
by a given deadline. The GIS provides effective decision support through
its database management capabilities, graphical user interfaces and cartographic
visualization. This supports analyses of "what-if?" scenarios regarding
network disruptions.
Miller, R. M. P., (1996). GIS foundation for advanced modeling and
decision support. GIS/LIS'96 Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings
Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems/Land Information Systems
Denver, CO, USA 19-21 Nov. 1996 Bethesda, MD, USA American Society for
Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, pp.445.
Keywords: Data visualisation; Decision support systems; Digital
simulation; Geographic information systems; Real-time systems; Remote sensing;
Town and country planning; City of Scottsdale; Advanced decision support
system; City modeling; Modeling; Simulation; Visualization; Vis/Sim software
; Real time system
Original abstract: The City of Scottsdale has begun development of
an advanced decision support system. The goal of the system is to increase
communication and understanding of citizens and City staff by projecting
and simulating decisions far into the future. The defined decision support
system will allow a template for application development of many existing
City modeling capabilities to include water, sewer, storm water, transportation,
landuse, etc. The system utilizes many existing and emerging technologies,
to include remote sensing, group decision support, and modeling-simulation-visualization.
This paper emphasizes the modeling-visualization-simulation component.
The proposed visualization system will provide a template which will allow
for the integration of GIS information and modeling outputs into current
Vis/Sim software for fully interactive, real time access and visualization
of existing models and data.
Mittal, M. L.; V. K. Singh; R. Krishnan; V. B. Subhadra, (1999). An
efficient and fast compression technique for multispectral browse images.
IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99
(Cat. No.99CH36293) Hamburg, Germany 28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.1177-9 vol.2.
Keywords: Data compression; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical
techniques; Image coding; Multidimensional signal processing; Terrain mapping;
Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Optical imaging; Multispectral
remote sensing; Image compression; Fast compression technique; Multispectral
browse image; irs; liss; Visual inspection; Visual quality; jpeg; Wavelet
based Set Partitioning In Hierarchical Trees; spiht; Independent bands;
rgb-yuv-spiht; klt-spiht; Urban area ; Hilly area
Original abstract: A study has been carried out to select a suitable
and an efficient compression technique for IRS-LISS browse images. As browsing
is mainly for visual inspection of imageries for checking area coverage
of interest and cloud cover, more emphasis has been given on visual quality
of image. So transformations like RGB-YUV and YUV-RGB coupled with compression
have also been considered. Various compression techniques like JPEG, Wavelet
based Set Partitioning In Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) technique on Independent
bands, KLT-SPIHT, RGB-YUV-SPIHT have been considered. The experiment has
been done on a urban area image as well as on a hilly area image. Various
results are tabulated and plotted.
Moller-Jensen, L. (1997). Classification of urban land cover based
on expert systems, object models and texture. Computers, Environment
and Urban Systems, 21, (3-4): 291-302.
Keywords: Cartography; Expert systems; Geography; Image classification;
Image resolution; Image texture; Remote sensing; Urban land cover classification;
Object models; Texture-based image processing methods; Intelligent systems;
Mapping; Digital satellite imagery; Spectrally heterogenous land-cover
classes; Image spatial resolution; Generic spatial model; Subordinate object
classes ; Co-occurrence matrix value prediction
Original Abstract: The application of intelligent systems within the
field of remote sensing is reviewed with special reference to urban land
cover mapping from digital satellite imagery. Urban areas constitute spectrally
heterogenous land-cover classes and call for the application of intelligent,
texture-based image processing methods. The appearance of an urban land-cover
class in a digital image generated by remote sensing is closely related
to the spatial resolution of the image, i.e. significant changes occur
as a result of increased/decreased spatial resolution. This paper discuss
how texture information may be derived automatically from a generic spatial
model of a possibly composite urban land cover class describing basic properties
of the subordinate object classes and the spatial relations between these.
A method based on prediction of co-occurrence matrix values corresponding
to an urban land-cover class at a specific spatial resolution is described.
Moons, T.; D. Frere; J. Vandekerckhove; L. Van Gool, (1998). Automatic
modelling and 3D reconstruction of urban house roofs from high-resolution
aerial imagery. Computer Vision - ECCV'98. 5th European Conference
on Computer Vision. Freiburg, Germany 2-6 June 1998
Berlin, Germany Springer-Verlag, pp.410-25 vol.1.
Keywords: Computational geometry; Computer vision; Constraint theory;
Feature extraction; Image colour analysis; Image reconstruction; Image
resolution; Image segmentation; Topology; Town and country planning; Automatic
modelling; 3D reconstruction; Urban house roofs; High-resolution aerial
imagery; Urban planning; 3D city models; Europe; Polyhedral model; Model
fitting; Topology extraction; Metric reconstruction; Colour-based segmentation;
Constraints; Brussels ; State-of-the-art dataset
Original abstract: Many tasks in modern urban planning require 3-dimensional
(3D) spatial information, preferably in the form of 3D city models. Constructing
such models requires automatic methods for reliable 3D building reconstruction.
House roofs encountered in residential areas in European cities exhibit
a wide variety in their shapes. This limits the use of predefined roof
models for their reconstruction. The strategy put forward is, first, to
construct a polyhedral model of the roof structure, which captures the
topology of the roof, but which might not be very accurate in a metric
sense; and then, in a second step, to improve the metric accuracy by fitting
this model to the data. This decoupling of topology extraction from metric
reconstruction allows a more efficient roof modelling involving less criteria.
And, restricting the processing, at all stages, to one or just a few roof
structures, by using a colour-based segmentation of the images, allows
us to use constraints that are not very tight. The approach has been tested
on a state-of-the-art dataset of aerial images of residential areas in
Brussels.
Morrison, J. L.; United States. Dept. of Transportation. Research and
Special Programs Administration; Ohio. Dept. of Transportation; Ohio State
University. Center for Mapping; Ohio State University. Dept. of Civil and
Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science; Ohio State University.
Dept. of Statistics (2000). Workshop on applications of remotely sensed
data to transportation : 12-13 August 1999, Columbus, Ohio. Columbus
Ohio, Ohio State University.
Morshed, A. H., (2000). Laser altimetry and its application in geographic
scanning. Proceedings of the Seventeenth National Radio Science Conference.
17th NRSC'2000 (IEEE Cat. No.00EX396) Proceedings of the Seventeenth National
Radio Science Conference. 17th NRSC'2000 Minufiya, Egypt 22-24 Feb. 2000
Minufiya, Egypt Minufiya Univ, pp.D4/1-5.
Keywords: Geography; Optical radar; Radar altimetry; Remote sensing
by laser beam; Terrain mapping; Topography (Earth); Laser altimetry; Geographic
scanning; Laser pulse generation; Topographical features; Ground surface;
High resolution delay measurements; Coverage; Target surface; High resolution
intensity measurements; Returned echo signal; Global positioning; Navigation
guidance; Position; Pointing attitude; Echo signal measurements; Position
referencing; Pulsed laser altimeter; Urban studies ; Environmental studies
Original abstract: Laser altimetry is a technique whereby reflections
of a laser beam are used to measure the altitude of an aircraft above the
ground based on a round trip delay measurement. With current improvements
in short laser pulse generation and high resolution time and amplitude
measurements, the same technique is now used to measure topographical features
of the ground surface. In addition to surface elevations obtained from
high resolution delay measurements, information on the nature of coverage
of a target surface can be obtained from high resolution intensity measurements
of the returned echo signal. In this technique, global positioning and
navigation guidance are needed to provide reference on the position and
pointing attitude of the measuring equipment. Both aspects of the altimeter
system, namely, echo signal measurements and position referencing, determine
the accuracy and resolution of the technique. This paper reviews the principles
and basic aspects of a pulsed laser altimeter, and discusses the utilization
of data provided by laser altimetry in geographic scanning for urban and
environmental studies.
Muller, H. J., (1998). Characterization of radar clutter by gamma
induced distributions. IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment.
1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings.
(Cat. No.98CH36174) Seattle, WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.1216-18 vol.3.
Keywords: Backscatter; Gamma distribution; Geophysical techniques;
Radar clutter; Radar cross-sections; Radar theory; Remote sensing by radar;
Synthetic aperture radar; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface;
Terrain mapping; Radar remote sensing; Radar scattering; Rough surface;
Gamma induced distribution; Weak scattering regime; Statistical properties;
KO-distribution; GO-distribution; Model; sar; Urban area; Multilook G-distribution;
Three joint distributions ; Gamma-distributed complex speckle
Original abstract: In the weak scattering regime the statistical properties
of terrain backscatter data observed with satellite and airborne synthetic
aperture radars differ from Gaussian statistics the higher the resolution,
the lower the looknumber and the stronger the texture are. The recently
presented and discussed G-distribution is a most suitable candidate to
cover up the wide range of homogeneous, heterogeneous and extremely heterogeneous
radar clutter, which under limiting conditions converges to Gaussian. The
G-distribution contains as particular cases the isotropic (=zero mean)
KO-distribution and the GO-distribution, the last of which is able to model
very heavy backscatter such as that of urban areas. In this paper are given
reasons that the multilook G-distribution is based on three joint distributions
from the Gamma family. The gamma-distributed complex speckle is conditionally
multiplied with the gamma-distributed regular part of radar returns and
the widely dispersed part of returns, which is inverse-gamma-distributed.
The mixing of gamma and inverted gamma generates the generalized inverse
Gaussian distribution. If the radar data are normalized the G-distribution
is completely determined by the shape parameter alpha and the concentration
parameter omega . Both parameters can be estimated by the method of moments
in an unbiased way.
Muller, H. J., (1997). Modeling of extremely heterogeneous radar
backscatter. IGARSS'97. 1997 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Symposium. Remote Sensing - A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development
(Cat. No.97CH36042) Singapore 3-8 Aug. 1997
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.1603-5 vol.4.
Keywords: Backscatter; Electromagnetic wave scattering; Geophysical
techniques; Radar cross-sections; Radar theory; Remote sensing by radar;
Speckle; Synthetic aperture radar; Geophysical measurement technique; Land
surface; Terrain mapping; Radar remote sensing; sar; Radar scattering;
Extremely heterogeneous radar backscatter; G-distribution; Model; Statistical
properties; Multi-look processed SAR; Terrain class; Probability density
function; Generalized inverse Gaussian distribution; Compound Poisson process;
K-distribution; G/sup 0/-distribution ; Urban area
Original abstract: A new class of G-distributions has been proposed
to characterize the statistical properties of multi-look processed SAR
data over the wide range of homogeneous, heterogeneous and extremely heterogeneous
backscattering of terrain classes. The probability density function was
derived as a product of a gamma distributed complex speckle variable and
the generalized inverse Gaussian distribution for terrain backscatter.
The latter is the outcome of a compound Poisson process which describes
statistically the underlying physical scattering process. A particular
case of the G-distribution is the K-distribution. Another limiting case
is the called here G/sup 0/-distribution, which is able to model extremely
heterogeneous clutter, such as that of urban areas, that cannot be properly
modeled with K-distribution. As the G-distribution is scaleable it can
be standardized by normalizing the SAR data with the mean intensity. The
other two parameters, which are responsible for shape and spread of the
distribution, are estimated by the method of moments where the negative
moments are generated by inverse transformation of the normalized SAR data.
Murakami, H.; K. Nakagawa; H. Hasegawa; T. Shibata; E. Iwanami (1999).
Change detection of buildings using an airborne laser scanner. Isprs
Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, V54, (N2-3): 148-152.
Keywords: airborne laser scanning , feature extraction
Synopsis: Compares DSM data collected at different time periods to
detect building changes.
Original Abstract: This study employed an airborne laser scanner to
detect changes of buildings by acquiring a digital surface model (DSM)
data of urban areas. Simple comparison between DSM data sets acquired at
different occasions successfully detected building changes without omission
errors. A CCD array image simultaneously acquired with the DSM data was
also automatically orthorectified with the DSM data and indicated to help
revise the building database efficiently.
Murni, A.; D. Hardianto; S. Nurbaya, (1999). The use of remote sensing
techniques and expert system in regional planning. IEEE 1999 International
Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293)
Hamburg, Germany 28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.619-21 vol.1.
Keywords: Expert systems; Geographic information systems; Geography;
Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Town and country planning; Technique;
Expert system; Regional planning; Land use; Multistage data analysis; Land
attribute map; Geographic information system; gis; Natural resource accessibility;
Environment quality; Labor population; Economic growth; Market accessibility;
Economic conditions; Region development ; Geography computing
Original abstract: Multistage remote sensing data analysis produces
land attribute maps which are stored as layers in a geographic information
system. In regional planning, the identification of potential regions could
not be assessed by only using the land attribute maps. It is also important
to include other constraints such as the natural resource accessibility,
environment quality, labor population and mobility, economic growth, market
accessibility, and the participation of government, private agencies and
local people. This paper presents the use of expert systems in the assessment
of the quality of environment, social and economic conditions. The types
of constraint are further used with the land attributes to evaluate the
types of region development.
Naor, E., (1999). SPACE BASED REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS AND THE
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
CASE STUDY OF THE DESIGN OF THE OAKLAND AIRPORT ROADWAY. A National
Forum on Remote Sensing Applications to Transportation, May 11-12, 1999,
Washington DC http://scitech.dot.gov/reeng/sensmsrm/rmtsense/present/part2/naorpaper.doc,
Nebert, D., (1999). Discovery of Relevant Geospatial Data for Transportation Applications. A National Forum On Remote Sensing Applications to Transportation, May 11-12, 1999, Washington DC http://scitech.dot.gov/reeng/sensmsrm/rmtsense/sbrsagnd.html,
Neffendorf, H.; B. Ramsey; N. Walker, (1999). Address matching and
geocoding for major surveys. Europe's Leading Geographic Information
Conference. Proceedings AGI Conference. Improving Access to Better Information
Proceedings of Geographical and Spital Information Management London, UK
28-30 Sept. 1999
London, UK Assoc. Geogr. Inf. & Miller Freeman, pp.5/1/1-4.
Keywords: Data acquisition; Geographic information systems; Public
administration; Transportation; Address matching; Geocoding; Software system;
Department of the Environment Transport and the Regions; detr; London Area
Transport Survey; Travel addresses; gis; Data source integration; Gazetteers;
Map data; Learning capability; Manual resolution; Field data capture ;
Contextual resolution
Original abstract: This paper describes a software system that is being
developed for the Department of the Environment Transport and the Regions
(DETR), for the major 2001 London Area Transport Survey (LATS). Travel
addresses exhibit some of the most challenging problems of automated address
matching and geocoding. The system is significant in GIS terms. First,
it integrates a very wide range of data sources, from well-known address
and geocode data files, to commercial gazetteers and map data. Second,
the system has a learning capability, improving its knowledge of addresses
with each batch of data and each application. Third, GIS methods are used
to support manual resolution of the most difficult addresses. Finally,
the system is designed to be part of a quality chain that begins with automated
gazetteer support of field data capture, and includes contextual resolution
of difficult addresses.
Nelson, B. N.; P. D. Gader; J. M. Keller, (1999). Fuzzy set information
fusion in landmine detection. Detection and Remediation Technologies
for Mines and Minelike Targets IV Orlando, FL, USA 5-9 April 1999
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.1168-78.
Keywords: Buried object detection; Expert systems; Feature extraction;
Fuzzy set theory; Image classification; Inference mechanisms; Military
radar; Radar detection; Radar imaging; Radar target recognition; Sensor
fusion; Land mine detection; Fuzzy set information fusion; Ground penetrating
radar sensor data; Multiple automatic target recognition algorithms; Spatially
correlated output; Feature set; Mamdani style fuzzy inference systems;
Mine confidence value; Target classification; Calibration mine lanes ;
Vehicle mounted mine detection
Original abstract: A robust method of performing information fusion
in processing ground penetrating radar (GPR) sensor data in landmine detection
will be described. The method involves running multiple automatic target
recognition algorithms (ATRs) in parallel on the GPR data. The outputs
from each of the ATRs are spatially correlated and a feature set for each
potential radar target is automatically generated. The feature set is provided
as input to Mamdani style fuzzy inference systems. The fuzzy inference
systems' output is a mine confidence value. The major advantage of this
technique is that it provides consistent mine detection performance independent
of road type, GPR hardware settings, and ATR setup parameters. This paper
will first describe the individual ATRs and the process of spatially correlating
target reports and generating a feature set. This will be followed by a
description of the fuzzy inference system used for target classification.
The paper will conclude with test result from various Fort A.P. Hill calibration
mine lanes.
Nichol, J. E. (1998). Visualisation of urban surface temperatures
derived from satellite images. International Journal of Remote Sensing,
19, (9): 1639-49.
Keywords: Atmospheric boundary layer; Atmospheric techniques; Atmospheric
temperature; Remote sensing; Land surface; Urban atmosphere; Temperature;
Measurement technique; Town; City; Boundary layer; Visualisation; Urban
surface temperature; Satellite image; Model; Interpolation; ViSC; Two dimensional
thermal image; gis; Vertical surface; Urban canyon; Sun angle; Building
geometry; Buildings ; Nadir viewing angle
Original Abstract: A model for interpolating 2D thermal satellite data
over a 3D urban surface is described, which combines the ViSC and GIS functions
inherent in a modern GIS interface. Vertical surfaces are represented as
spatial entities whose temperature attributes are determined from image
data supplemented by field sampling in urban canyons. Thus a model representing
the temperature of the complete urban surface is created, for which the
viewpoint can be varied according to Sun angle and azimuth at the time
of imaging and the viewing angle required by the user. Due to the close
correspondence between surface and air temperature the model indicates
micro-scale climatic variations due to variations in building geometry
and surface materials which are not readily apparent from a two-dimensional
perspective. It also illustrates the magnitude of systematic error introduced
by the nadir viewing angle of satellite sensors.
Niemann, K. O.; D. Richardson; C. Dillabaugh, (2000). Multi resolution
feature extraction: source data processing for the revision of map objects.
IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.
Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing
the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) IGARSS 2000. Honolulu,
HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.630-2 vol.2.
Keywords: Cartography; Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing;
Geophysical techniques; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique;
Land surface; Image processing; Multi resolution; Multiresolution method;
Source data processing; Map revision; Map object; Temporal updating; Geomatics;
Coastline; Coast; Contextual reference; Road; River ; Remote sensing
Original abstract: As a result of increased data access through development
in interoperability, conventional and new users will expect to identify
and acquire suitable datasets via an Internet environment. If the available
data are not at a level of appropriate representation and information detail,
users will expect appropriate tools with which to combine and transform
it for their intended application. Thus effective methods for temporal
updating, generalization, and visualization become more pressing for the
geomatics community to resolve. The evolving and expanding user community
will need better tools to transform and manipulate the geo-spatial data
into a form that complies with standard as well as new application areas.
This research paper addresses the first stage of processing and presents
methods currently being developed for the feature extraction component.
The objects selected for testing are hydrographic, transportation and coastline
features as they form the foundation and contextual reference for many
types of maps.
Niemeier, D. A.; M. K. Beard (1993). Gis and Transportation Planning
- a Case Study. Computers Environment and Urban Systems,
V17, (N1): 31-43.
Keywords:
Nishijima, M.; T. Watanabe, (1995). An automatic extraction approach
of road information on the basis of recognition of character regions.
Image Analysis Applications and Computer Graphics. Third International
Computer Science Conference. ICSC*95. Proceedings Hong Kong 11-13 Dec.
1995
Berlin, Germany Springer-Verlag, pp.173-80.
Keywords: Cartography; Feature extraction; Geographic information
systems; Image recognition; Image segmentation; Town and country planning;
Automatic road information extraction approach; Character region recognition;
Urban maps; Information services; Life-line management; City project planning
; Cooperative approach
Original abstract: The issue of the automatic extraction of road information
from maps has been recognized as an effectual means to construct GISs (geographic
information systems) and to support various kinds of information services,
the management of our life-lines, the planning of city projects, and so
on. Many researches have been reported with respect to this subject; however,
it is not always easy to accomplish successfully because roads are, in
general, overlapped and interrelated with other map components in a complicated
way. In this paper, we propose an experimental approach to extract road
information from urban maps. The characteristic in our approach is not
to extract roads directly as in many traditional approaches, but to distinguish
individual roads cooperatively on the basis of character region recognition.
We not only mention the recognition method in our approach, but also discuss
the recognition results of some experiments.
Nolin, A. W.; J. Dozier (1993). Estimating Snow Grain Size Using
Aviris Data. Remote Sensing of Environment, V44, (N2-3):
231-238.
Keywords:
Noronha, V.; M. F. Goodchild (2000). Map accuracy and location expression
in transportation - reality and prospects. Transportation Research
Part C-Emerging Technologies, V8, (N1-6): 53-69.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: We were contracted to test a suite of proposed location
messaging standards for the intelligent transportation systems (ITS) industry.
We studied six different databases for the County of Santa Barbara, documented
types and magnitudes of error, and examined the likely success of the proposed
standards. This paper synthesizes the test results and identifies caveats
for the user community as well as challenges to academia. We conclude that,
first, current messaging proposals are inadequate, and superior methods
are required to convey both location and a measure of confidence to the
recipient. Second, there is a need to develop methods to correct map data
geometrically, so that location is more accurately captured, stored and
communicated, particularly in mission critical applications such as emergency
servicing. To address this, we have developed methods for comparing maps
and adjusting them in real time. Third, there must be standards for centerline
map accuracy, that reflect the data models and functions associated with
transportation.
Novak, J. P.; J. J. Korczak, (1998). A recursive unsupervised neural
network approach to extract concepts from remote sensing images. Image
and Signal Processing for Remote Sensing IV Barcelona, Spain 21-23 Sept.
1998
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.312-19.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Image
classification; Image recognition; Image segmentation; Neural nets; Remote
sensing; Unsupervised learning; Recursive unsupervised neural network approach;
Remote sensing images; Mixed pixels; Clustering; Unsupervised neural network
algorithm; Spectral data space; Recursive region aggregation method; Urban
zone image; Segmentation; Concept extraction ; Spatial information
Original abstract: This paper describes a novel recursive and unsupervised
learning method for extracting information from remote sensing images.
Usually, the amount of data on these images is large, and the number of
mixed pixels is important. Therefore, an unsupervised learning or clustering
can be useful in the analysis of these data. An unsupervised neural network
algorithm is used for initial segmentation of the spectral data space of
remote sensing images. To discover concepts, a recursive region aggregation
method is proposed. This method has been tested and validated with several
remote sensing images. An urban zone image is used to illustrate this learning
method which provides a way for fast and automatic segmentation of remote
sensing images. In order to improve the efficiency of concept extraction
some spatial information is incorporated into the aggregation procedure.
Nozue, N.; T. Shirotori
Transport Systems Development , Technological Development Department
Railway Technical Research Institute
Tokyo,Japan
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM
FOR PLANNING ROUTES CONSIDERING ECONOMIC
AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT USING REMOTE SENSING DATA
Railway Technical Research Institute
Tokyo,Japan
http://www.rtri.or.jp/infoce/wcrr97/E177/E177.html
Keywords: transport route selection, remote sensing
Nyerges, T. L.; R. Montejano; C. Oshiro; M. Dadswell (1997). Group-based
geographic information systems for transportation improvement site selection.
Transportation Research Part C (Emerging Technologies), 5C,
(6): 349-69.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Group decision support
systems; Town and country planning; Transportation; Group-based geographic
information systems; Transportation improvement site selection; Transportation
decision making; Societal trend; Public investment; Puget Sound Region;
Washington State; Regional council; County government; Public-private coalition
group; Decision task model; Information technology support; Requirement
specification; Integrated information capabilities; Group support system
; Inter-organizational coalition decision
Original Abstract: Transportation improvement site selection exemplifies
transportation decision making that is collaborative in nature and geographically
based. Such decision-making is part of a broad societal trend toward shared
and participatory discussions about public investment. Perspectives from
three different transportation decision contexts in the Puget Sound Region
of Washington State, a regional council, a county government and a public-private
coalition group, are combined with a literature review to develop a decision
task model that summarizes the need for information technology support
during transportation improvement site selection. The task model guides
the development of a decision support system requirement specification
that outlines integrated information capabilities provided by geographic
information system (GIS) and group support system (GSS) technologies. Together,
GIS and GSS capabilities contribute to evolving group-based on the use
of a prototype, group-based GIS called spatial group choice highlights
the possibilities in an inter-organizational coalition decision context.
The conclusions discuss needs for future technology developments and social-behavioral
science studies on these developments.
Ober, G.; R. Tomasoni; F. Cella, (1997). Urban texture analysis.
Applications of Digital Image Processing XX San Diego, CA, USA 30 July-1
Aug. 1997
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.2-8.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geography; Image classification; Image
texture; Remote sensing; Urban texture analysis; Seismic vulnerability;
Geometrical properties; Building blocks; Classification; Image processing;
Roads; Buildings; Green area; Suburban areas; Homogeneous areas; Connected
regions; Built pixels ; Sub-regions
Original abstract: The purpose of this work is the study of urban areas
based on texture analysis that may improve urban investigation through
remote sensing, dedicated to seismic vulnerability in correlation with
the geometrical properties of building blocks and vulnerability data, taken
from surveys. Most of the algorithms for urban classification in the image
processing domain are based only on the use of spectral information, not
taking into account the geometric characteristics given by the spatial
distribution of roads, buildings and green areas on the image. The study
of these local properties, as the texture, may enrich the available information
on the image, providing a further information layer which may improve the
differentiability among suburban areas originally belonging to homogeneous
areas. In order to overcome those limitations, a new methodology, based
on the analysis of connected regions, is studied. At first the image is
thresholded in order to detect built pixels. Then these pixels are connected
into sub-regions and these sub-regions are investigated to extract features.
Ogawa, Y.; K. Iwamura; S. Kakumoto (2000). Extracting object information
from aerial images: a map-based approach. IEICE Transactions on
Information and Systems, E83-D, (7): 1450-7.
Keywords: Cartography; Feature extraction; Geographic information
systems; Image matching; Town and country planning; Object information
extraction; Aerial images; Map based approach; Man-made objects; Buildings;
Corresponding map; Object information estimation; Object model; Top-down
model-driven analysis; Map updating; Missing buildings; Kobe City; Earthquake
; Map data
Original Abstract: We have developed a map based approach that enables
us to efficiently extract information about man-made objects, such as buildings,
from aerial images. An image is matched with a corresponding map in order
to estimate the object information in the image (i.e., presence, location,
shape, size, kind, and surroundings). This approach is characterized by
using a figure contained in a map as an object model for a top-down (model-driven)
analysis of an object in the aerial image. We determined the principal
steps of the map based approach needed to extract object information and
update a map. These steps were then applied to obtain the locations of
missing buildings and the heights of existing buildings. The extraction
results of experiments using aerial images of Kobe City (taken after the
1995 earthquake) show that the approach is effective for automatically
extracting building information from aerial images and for rapidly updating
map data.
Oka, S.; Y. Takefuji; W. Huang (2000). The third eye approach to
innovative designs and applications into the 21st century: human recognition
system by nonlinear oscillations. Engineering Applications of Artificial
Intelligence, 13, (5): 543-8.
Keywords: Face recognition; Feature extraction; Image sensors; Neural
nets; Remote sensing; Face recognition system; Nonlinear oscillations;
Sensor technology; Electromagnetic spectrum; Multi-spectral images; Neural
network; Face feature extraction ; Human facial part detection
Original Abstract: The field of remote sensing and sensor technology
has undergone tremendous development in the past decades. Sensor technologies
of all kinds such as electro-optics, acoustic, active/passive UV to LWIR,
ground-penetrating radar, passive mm wavelength, X-ray tomography, neutron
activation imaging, multi-spectral, hyper-spectral, and ultra-spectral
imaging, will provide valuable images that a normal CCD camera cannot offer.
By combining algorithms and images taken by sensors at different part of
the electromagnetic spectrum, we will be able to extract valuable images
automatically. By using multi-spectral images and processing them with
neural network computing, our "Third Eye" team is able to extract human
face features from those images. We present an application for detecting
human facial parts, images taken by different imaging systems and sensors,
and the current status of image processing applications.
Okunieff, P., (1995). Spatial data standards for advanced public
transportation systems-the APTS map and spatial database user requirements
document. URISA Proceedings. Papers from the Annual Conference of the
Urban and Regional Information Systems Association Proceedings of 33rd
Annual URISA Conference San Antonio, MN, USA 16-20 July 1995
Washington, DC, USA Urban & Regional Inf. Syst. Assoc, pp.558-65.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Public administration;
Transportation; Travel industry; Visual databases; Advanced public transportation
systems; APTS map; Spatial database; User requirements document; Advanced
Public Transportation System; apts; Intelligent Transportation Systems;
User services; Public transportation agencies ; Spatial data
Original abstract: Implementing an integrated Advanced Public Transportation
System (APTS) requires that the interfaces between components be well defined.
For components that require spatial data, the interface consists of two
major elements: data and its location reference. Currently, many turnkey
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) User Services demonstrate their
utility in isolation. These user services are not fully integrated with
the traditional services provided by public transportation agencies, and
consequently, do not require standard interfaces. However, greater benefit
is realized from integrating these systems, and standards are necessary
in order to achieve this benefit in a cost efficient manner. To this end,
over the course of 20 months the ITS APTS Map and Spatial Database Working
Group (MSDWG), composed of transit and GIS professionals, consultants,
and software engineers developed a document defining and describing user
requirements, including data and performance requirements for interfaces
between major APT!S components. This paper describes the APTS Map and Spatial
Database User Requirements and steps underway at the Federal Transit Administration
(FTA) to recommend standards for sharing spatial data.
Oneill, W. A. (1991). Developing Optimal Transportation Analysis
Zones Using Gis. Ite Journal-Institute of Transportation Engineers,
V61, (N12): 33-36.
Keywords:
Onstott, R. G., (1998). Study of the polarization behavior of complex
natural and man-made clutter at middle and grazing angles. IGARSS '98.
Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience
and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174) Seattle,
WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.2587-9 vol.5.
Keywords: Airborne radar; Atmospheric techniques; Backscatter; Meteorological
radar; Radar clutter; Radar polarimetry; Remote sensing by radar; Synthetic
aperture radar; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land
surface; Radar remote sensing; Radar scattering; Atmosphere; Urban area;
Airport; Polarization; Complex natural scene; Man-made clutter; Grazing
angle; Middle angle; sar; Metropolitan area; City; Town; Commercial aircraft;
Weather radar ; Angular response
Original abstract: A special mapping mission using an aircraft synthetic
aperture radar (SAR) was conducted at an airport near a large metropolitan
area to characterize the clutter found in association with airports and
surrounding areas. These data were obtained to support the building of
a simulator for design of future generation radars which will operate from
commercial aircraft to detect meteorological features. In addition, these
data document the polarization and angular response behavior for a radar
parameter region and clutter environment rarely studied. Polarization and
angle response behaviors are linked to land use patterns, a topic of increasing
importance for rapidly developing communities and countries with large
land area.
Opitz, D.; M. Mangrich; J. Zeiler; S. Blundell, (2000). A comparison
of feature extraction techniques in remotely sensed imagery. Artificial
Intelligence and Soft Computing. Proceedings of the IASTED International
Conference Proceedings of International Conference on Artificial Intelligence
and Soft Computing. ASC 2000 Banff, Alta, Canada 24-26 July 2000
Anaheim, CA, USA IASTED/ACTA Press, pp.116-20.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geographic information systems; Image
classification; Learning by example; Remote sensing; Visual databases;
Feature extraction techniques; Remotely sensed imagery; Object extraction;
Spatial database; Image processing; Heads-up digitizing; Inductive learning;
Algorithm training; Image subset; Hand classification ; Automatic classification
Original abstract: Features and objects must be extracted from remotely
sensed images and placed into a spatial database before they can be effectively
used by analysts in geographic information systems. The process of feature
extraction and image classification is often performed via the tedious
method of expert analysts explicitly identifying the interesting features
by hand. Even when utilizing commercial image processing techniques, hand
classification is prohibitively time consuming. This paper compares traditional
heads-up digitizing with a proposed system that uses inductive learning.
The inductive learning algorithm trains on a subset of an image that has
been hand-classified, then automatically classifies the features in the
remaining (unclassified) portion of the image. Results show our inductive
learning process is 200 times faster than hand classification and 50 times
faster than a combination of hand classification and commercial image processing.
The increase in classification speed is accomplished without significant
loss of accuracy.
Orlowski, C.; M. Borzestowski, (1997). Example of the integration
of the knowledge base system with the GIS for the traffic. Inzynieria
Wiedzy I Systemy Ekspertowe (Knowledge Engineering and Expert Systems)
Inzynieria Wiedzy I Systemy Ekspertowe (Knowledge Engineering and Expert
Systems) Wroclaw, Poland 10-12 June 1997
Wroclaw, Poland Oficyna Wydawnicza Politech. Wroclawskiej, pp.126-31
vol.2.
Keywords: Air pollution; Expert systems; Geographic information
systems; Traffic engineering computing; Transportation; Knowledge-based
system; gis; Traffic analysis; Cities; Automobile transportation; Local
authorities; Strategic decisions ; monitoring
Original abstract: The authors present how expert systems and GIS were
combined in the field of traffic analysis in cities with the emphasis on
pollution problems. Today's world, in big cities, faces huge problems concerning
air pollution as a result of automobile transportation and local authorities
and environmental experts are looking for systems which could help them
to make operational and strategic decisions. We present a traffic system
which integrates expert systems and GIS to provide an application for traffic
pollution monitoring and analysis.
O'Sullivan, D.; A. Morrison; J. Shearer (2000). Using desktop GIS
for the investigation of accessibility by public transport: an isochrone
approach. International Journal of Geographical Information Science,
14, (1): 85-104.
Keywords: Cartography; Geographic information systems; Transportation;
Travel industry; gis; Public transport; Isochrone approach; Geographical
information systems; Accessibility measures; Space-time geography framework;
Bus travel; Rail travel; Underground services ; Constrained accessibility
map
Original Abstract: The application of existing desktop geographical
information systems (GIS) to the assessment of accessibility by public
transport has been investigated. Two approaches to the measurement of accessibility-aggregate
accessibility measures and the space-time geography framework-are described.
It is suggested that isochrones (lines of equal travel time) are a natural
way to combine these approaches in a GIS setting. A desktop GIS application
has been developed which can automatically generate isochrones for travel
by public transport. The application successfully copes with the complexity
of the public transport of a large city (Glasgow), comprising bus, rail,
and underground services. Journeys may include an initial walk to a public
transport stop, several interchanges between services of the same or different
modes, and a final walk. Options provide for plotting isochrones for journeys
by bus only or train only; and for exact or approximate isochrones, the
latter generated more quickly. The application is described in some detail,
and assessed. Sample outputs are presented, including an example involving
further processing of isochrones to produce a constrained accessibility
map, which demonstrates the generality of this approach.
Overman, C. H. I.; J. L. Kurtz, (1999). Ground penetrating radar
processing in a dedicated graphical software environment. Radar Sensor
Technology IV Orlando, FL, USA 8 April 1999
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.95-105.
Keywords: Graphical user interfaces; Radar computing; Radar imaging;
Radar target recognition; Road vehicle radar; Software tools; Noninvasive
analysis; Dedicated graphical software environment; Profile data analysis;
Profile data interpretation; GPR processing software; Algorithms; Florida
Department of Transportation; Geophysical anomalies recognition; Geophysical
anomalies localization; Subsurface images; Ground penetrating radar processing;
Antennas; Near-field artifacts; Subsurface image; Ground truth; University
of Florida; GPR processing software tool; Graphical user interface; gui
; 100 MHz to 1 GHz
Original abstract: Ground penetrating radar (GPR) provides a method
for non-invasive analysis of subsurface features. The Florida Department
of Transportation (FDOT) currently uses GPR for locating anomalies ranging
from buried utilities to voids and sinkholes. Antennas of 100 MHz to 1
GHz are typically used to allow various penetration depths and resolutions.
The proximity of targets to the antenna causes certain near-field artifacts,
which significantly distort received profile data and often cause interpretation
of the subsurface image to be extremely difficult. Analysis, therefore,
requires significant experience for moderately reliable recognition and
association of profile characteristics to actual ground truth. The University
of Florida, as part of a project for the FDOT, has developed a GPR processing
software tool to provide enhanced GPR profiles for more accurate user interpretation.
This paper describes the results attained from advanced signal processing
techniques used to improve analysis and interpretation of the GPR profile
data. It is anticipated that the GPR processing software and its algorithms
will aid the FDOT in recognition and localization of geophysical anomalies
through more informative subsurface images, while maintaining the desired
non-invasive nature of GPR analysis methods.
Painho, M.; P. D. Antunes; F. Barata, (1996). Integrating urban comfort
indicators with statistical reporting units. Geographical Information
from Research to Application Through Cooperation. Second Joint European
Conference and Exhibition Proceedings of Joint European Conference on Geographical
Information Barcelona, Spain 27-29 March 1996
Amsterdam, Netherlands IOS Press, pp.712-20 vol.1.
Keywords: Biophysics; Demography; Environmental factors; Extrapolation;
Geographic information systems; Socio-economic effects; Statistics; Town
and country planning; Transportation; Urban comfort indicators; Statistical
reporting units; Low-level statistical units; Socioeconomic variables;
Census boundaries; Environmental indicators; Spatial distribution; Artificially-created
statistical unit boundaries; Transport indicators; Suburban city; Lisbon
Metropolitan Area; Vertical integration; Distance analysis; Environmental
quality value; Statistical census unit; Biophysical variables ; Desktop
mapping packages
Original abstract: The widespread use of GISs and the slow but ever-increasingly
availability of low-level statistical units in a digital format makes it
very interesting to be able to integrate the socio-economic variables collected
for census purposes together with indicators (environmental and other)
which normally and understandably exhibit a spatial distribution not conforming
to the artificially-created statistical unit boundaries. In this paper,
we describe the integration of information provided in statistical reporting
units together with information provided by environmental, transport and
other urban comfort indicators. The model, developed for a suburban city
of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, uses vertical integration as well as distance
analysis to assign, by extrapolation, an environmental quality value to
every statistical census unit. This process allows one to perform analyses
including both socio-economic and biophysical variables. The analysis is
made simpler because, after the assignment is made, the comfort indicators
distribute in space in the same way that the census variables do. This
also allows the use of simple desktop mapping packages, as long as the
census boundaries are available.
Painter, T. H.; D. A. Roberts; R. O. Green; J. Dozier (1998). The
effect of grain size on spectral mixture analysis of snow-covered area
from AVIRIS data. Remote Sensing of Environment, V65,
(N3): 320-332.
Keywords: AVIRIS , spectral mixture analysis
Original Abstract: We developed a technique to improve spectral mixture
analysis of snow-covered area in alpine regions through the use of multiple
snow endmembers. Snow reflectance in near-infrared wavelengths is sensitive
to snow grain size while in visible wavelengths it is relatively insensitive.
Snow-covered alpine regions often exhibit large surface grain size gradients
due to changes in aspect and elevation. The sensitivity of snow spectral
reflectance to grain size translates these grain size gradients into spectral
gradients. To spectrally characterize a snow-covered image domain with
mixture analysis, the variable spectral nature of snow must be accounted
for by use of multiple snow endmembers of varying grain size. We performed
numerical simulations to demonstrate the sensitivity of mixture analysis
to grain size for a range of sizes and snow fractions. From Airborne Visible/Infrared
Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data collected over Mammoth Mountain, CA
on 5 April 1994, a suite of snow image endmembers spanning the imaged region's
grain size range were extracted. Mixture models with fixed vegetation,
rock, and shade were applied with each snow endmember. For each pixel,
the snow fraction estimated by the model with least mixing error (RMS)
was chosen to produce an optimal map of subpixel snow-covered area. Results
were verified with a high spatial resolution aerial photograph demonstrating
equivalent accuracy. Analysis of fraction under/overflow and residuals
confirmed mixture analysis sensitivity to grain size gradients.
Pairault, B.; B. Vaizan; C. Titin-Schnaider; D. Medynski, (1998). RAMSES
interferometer: prospect for HR3DSAR. Proceedings of the PIERS Workshop
on Advances in Radar Methods Proceedings of PIERS Baveno, Italy 20-22 July
1998
Brussels, Belgium Commision of Eur. Communities, pp.160-2.
Keywords: Interferometry; Radar polarimetry; Radar resolution; Remote
sensing by radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Terrain mapping; RAMSES interferometer;
hr3dsar; Topographic mapping; HH mode; 3D accuracy; High resolution mode;
Urban areas; Polarimetry; Phase retrieval ; Phase unwrapping
Original abstract: For topographic mapping, the RAMSES interferometer
in HH mode has provided good 3D accuracy. For high resolution mode and
for urban areas many unwanted artefacts are currently being investigated.
In this paper, the basic concepts of interferometry using polarimetry,
in the context of our study, are presented for accurate phase retrieval.
Next, in urban areas the problem of phase unwrapping is briefly introduced.
These two steps are actually the main limitations of HR3DSAR so that interferometric
studies have to be pursued.
Paola, J. D.; R. A. Schowengerdt (1995). A detailed comparison of
backpropagation neural network and maximum-likelihood classifiers for urban
land use classification. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote
Sensing, 33, (4): 981-96.
Keywords: Backpropagation; Feedforward neural nets; Geophysical
signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Image classification; Maximum
likelihood estimation; Optical information processing; Remote sensing;
Geophysical measurement technique; Terrain mapping land surface; Optical
imaging; Backpropagation neural network; Neural net; Maximum-likelihood
classifier; Urban land use; Landsat Thematic Mapper; Tucson; Arizona; Oakland
California; United States USA ; Mixed pixel classification error
Original Abstract: A detailed comparison of the backpropagation neural
network and maximum-likelihood classifiers for urban land use classification
is presented. Landsat Thematic Mapper images of Tucson, Arizona, and Oakland,
California, were used for this comparison. For the Tucson image, the percentage
of matching pixels in the two classification maps was only 64.5%, while
for the Oakland image it was 83.3%. Although the test site accuracies of
the two Tucson maps were similar, the map produced by the neural network
was visually more accurate; this difference is explained by examining class
regions and density plots in the decision space and the continuous likelihood
values produced by both classifiers. For the Oakland scene, the two maps
were visually and numerically similar, although the neural network was
superior in suppression of mixed pixel classification errors. From this
analysis, the authors conclude that the neural network is more robust to
training site heterogeneity and the use of class labels for land use that
are mixtures of land cover spectral signatures. The differences between
the two algorithms may be viewed, in part, as the differences between nonparametric
(neural network) and parametric (maximum-likelihood) classifiers. Computationally,
the backpropagation neural network is at a serious disadvantage to maximum-likelihood,
taking nearly an order of magnitude more computing time when implemented
on a serial workstation.
Paola, J. D.; R. A. Schowengerdt, (1995). Searching for patterns
in remote sensing image databases using neural networks. 1995 International
Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS '95. Quantitative Remote
Sensing for Science and Applications (Cat. No.95CH35770) Firenze, Italy
10-14 July 1995
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.443-5 vol.1.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geographic information systems; Geophysical
signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Geophysics computing; Image
classification; Neural nets; Pattern classification; Query formulation;
Remote sensing; Visual databases; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Optical
image; Visual database searching technique; Pattern search; Image database;
Neural net; Neural network; Multispectral image classification; Training;
Pattern selection; Dense urban area ; Landsat Thematic Mapper image
Original abstract: The authors have investigated a method, based on
a successful neural network multispectral image classification system,
of searching for single patterns in remote sensing databases. While defining
the pattern to search for and the feature to be used for that search (spectral,
spatial, temporal, etc.) is challenging, a more difficult task is selecting
competing patterns to train against the desired pattern. Schemes for competing
pattern selection, including random selection and human interpreted selection,
are discussed in the context of an example detection of dense urban areas
in Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery. When applying the search to multiple
images, a simple normalization method can alleviate the problem of inconsistent
image calibration. Another potential problem, that of highly compressed
data, was found to have a minimal effect on the ability to detect the desired
pattern. The neural network algorithm has been implemented using the PVM
(Parallel Virtual Machine) library and nearly-optimal speedups have been
obtained that help alleviate the long process of searching through imagery.
Papaioannon, P.; S. Bashas; A. Kokkalis, (1997). Design of a Traffic
Accident Management System (TAMS), for the Greek National Highway System,
using GIS technology. Transportation Systems 1997. (TS'97). Proceedings
volume from the 8th IFAC/IFIP/IFORS Symposium Proceedings of the 8th IFAC/IFIP/IFORS.
Transportation Systems 1997 (3 vol.) Chania, Greece 16-18 June 1997
Oxford, UK Pergamon, pp.279-84 vol.1.
Keywords: Accidents; Geographic information systems; Road traffic;
Safety; Traffic information systems; GIS based Traffic Accident Management
System; Greek National Highway System; GIS technology; GIS based management
system; Database design; System functions; Road networks; Management planning;
Monitoring ; Decision makers
Original abstract: A GIS based management system for traffic accidents,
is being presented, with the main emphasis on the database design. The
system functions and the overall architecture have been approached at a
first stage, providing an indication of what such a system might be. The
system is appropriate for the General Secretariat of Public Works, its
Regional Branches and other authorities connected with road networks. The
benefits of such a system extend to operations, management planning and
monitoring. What is really needed is maturation and determination from
the decision makers to employ a GIS based Traffic Accident Management System-a
system that will also be quite useful for other functions of the same Ministry
as well.
Parafina, S., (1995). GIS based automated routing for solid waste
collection. GIS/LIS *95 Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings
of Geographic Information Systems/Land Information Systems Nashville, TN,
USA 14-16 Nov. 1995
Bethesda, MD, USA American Soc. Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing
& American Congress on Surveying & Mapping, pp.799-803 vol.2.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Query processing; Town
and country planning; Transportation; Visual databases; Waste disposal;
Solid waste collection; Solid waste routing; gis; Transcad GIS software;
Staff; Solid Waste Services program; Routing network; Caliper Corporation;
Design specification; Enterprise wide information system; Databases; Spatial
queries ; Spatial analysis
Original abstract: The pilot program for solid waste services routing
GIS is described. Using Transcad GIS software the routing staff of the
City of Austin*s Solid Waste Services program is developing a routing network
for solid waste collection. Caliper Corp. is modifying the 4* network algorithm
for solid waste collection according to the design specifications of the
routing staff. The GIS is part of an enterprise wide information system
that will integrate many databases at multiple locations and allow solid
waste employees to perform spatial queries and analysis.
Parcharidis, I.; L. M. Kazi-Tani, (2000). Landsat TM and ERS data
fusion: a statistical approach evaluation for four different methods.
IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.
Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing
the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28
July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2120-2 vol.5.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques;
Remote sensing; Remote sensing by radar; Sensor fusion; Terrain mapping;
Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Multispectral remote sensing;
Radar remote sensing; Data fusion; Landsat TM; ers; sar; Radar imaging;
Statistical approach evaluation; Image combination; Multispectral image;
SAR image; Data merging; Principal component analysis; Intensity hue saturation;
Brovey method ; Multiplicative method
Original abstract: In recent years, as remote sensing imagery technology
has developed, image combination from different sensors with different
spatial and spectral resolutions, has become a significant technique in
the field of digital remote sensing. This technique also termed data fusion
or data merging is generally designed to enhance the spatial resolution
of the multispectral images by combining them with high-resolution panchromatic
or SAR images. Different methods have been developed to merge complementary
digital data of the same area. This study try to evaluate statistically
four up-to-date data merging techniques namely principal component analysis
(PCA), Intensity-Hue-Saturation (IHS), Brovey and multiplicative between
Landsat TM and radar SAR (ERS-1) images. Three statistical parameters have
been utilized: correlation coefficient, mean and root mean square error
(RMSE) in order to rank all these methods. The analysis reveals that the
multiplicative method is the method distorting the least in both the original
images. Paradoxically, multiplicative is the method distorting the most
radar data, but the distortion is acceptable since it has a high correlation
coefficient with radar data. Moreover, none of the three remaining methods
have succeeded to merge Landsat TM as the multiplicative. PCA, MS and Brovey
present almost the same results without significant differences.
Parma, V., (1995). Systems for centralized management and control
of public transport service. Towards an Intelligent Transport System.
Proceedings of the First World Congress on Applications of Transport Telematics
and Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems Proceedings of the First World
Congress on ATT & IVHS Paris, France 30 Nov.-3 Dec. 1994
London, UK Artech House, pp.2581-8 vol.5.
Keywords: Centralised control; Computerised monitoring; Geographic
information systems; Global Positioning System; Land mobile radio; Public
utilities; Road traffic; Traffic control; Transportation; Centralized control
system; Public transport service; Project experiences; Radio mobile communications
networks; Road vehicle monitoring; GPS-based vehicle location systems;
Road traffic control ; Service management
Original abstract: The paper describes concepts, solutions and project
experiences in application software of command and control centres applied
to management and control of public transport needs. The technologies involved
include geographic information systems, integration with radio mobile communications
networks, and localization of vehicles equipped with GPS-based automatic
vehicle location systems.
Pascolo, P.; C. A. Brebbia (1998). GIS Technologies and their Environmental
Applications. First International Conference on Geographical Information
Systems in the Next Millennium. GIS 98.
Keywords: Cartography; Data acquisition; Economics; Environmental
science computing; Geographic information systems; Town and country planning;
Transportation; Environmental management; Geographic information system;
Economic development management; gis; Resource utilisation; Urban planning;
Risk assessment; Pollution control ; Transport management systems
Original Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: environmental
management; geographic information system applications; economic development
management; data acquisition; and GIS technologies; resource utilisation;
cartography; urban planning; risk assessment; pollution control; and transport
management systems.
Pavia, D., (1995). GIS-based fleet management systems: economical
analysis. GIS for Business: Discovering the Missing Piece in Your Business
Strategy Proceedings of GIS for Business 95. Discover the Missing Piece
in Your Business Strategy Madrid, Spain 20-23 Feb. 1995
Cambridge, UK GeoInformation Int, pp.226-9.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Transportation; GIS-based
fleet management systems; Economical analysis; Urban bus fleets; Medium-sized
town; Operating cost savings ; Fuel consumption
Original abstract: The qualitative benefits of the implantation of
fleet management systems (FMS) to help the operation of urban bus fleets
are well known (improvement of fleet control, better service to users,
operation management optimisation). It is also an obvious field of effective
use of GIS technology. However, from a business point of view, these benefits
should be quantified, allowing the detailed economical analysis that managers
need to justify the investment required. This paper presents such an analysis
for a medium-sized town, detailing the investment needed to implant such
a control system and the operating cost savings (equipment, personnel,
fuel consumption) resulting in calculation of time to recover the investments
made (payback).
Pearlman, R.; S. Scott, (1995). IVHS map database transfer standards:
current status. Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. 1995 Vehicle Navigation
and Information Systems Conference Proceedings. 6th International VNIS.
A Ride into the Future (Cat. No.95CH35776) Pacific Rim TransTech Conference.
1995 Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference Proceedings.
6th International VNIS. A Ride into the Future Seattle, WA, USA 30 July-2
Aug. 1995
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.368-73.
Keywords: Automated highways; Driver information systems; Electronic
data interchange; Geographic information systems; ISO standards; Navigation;
Spatial data structures; Standardisation; IVHS map database transfer standards;
Current status; Intelligent transportation systems; Navigation systems;
Navigable map data transfer; Transfer standards; cen; International Standards
Organization; iso; IVHS map data ; International map database standards
Original abstract: As intelligent transportation systems, particularly
navigation systems, achieve commercial deployment, the efficient and effective
transfer of navigable map data is becoming an increasingly important issue.
After several years of significant efforts in the area of transfer standards,
a family of compatible standards is evolving which will serve national
and international requirements well. The de facto international transfer
standard for navigable map data is the Geographic Data File (GDF) developed
by the Comite Europeen Normalisation (CEN, a pan-European standardization
body). CEN GDF is currently under a period of extensive revisions and refinements
in response to international requirements. There are also several national
standards for map transfer, which are moving towards compatibility with
the international version of GDF. It is anticipated that the International
Standards Organization (ISO) version of GDF will form the foundation for
a single international family of transfer standards for IVHS map data.
The authors are active participants in national and international map database
standards efforts, and recently moderated a workshop on developing an IVHS
profile for the Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS). The workshop concluded
that ISO GDF should be the basic structure for the IVHS profile for SDTS.
This paper reports on the results of that workshop and discusses the current
progress in ISO TC 204 on further refining GDF as the ISO standard for
map database transfer.
Penaloza, M.; R. Welch; R. Feind, (2000). Feature set reduction using
a fuzzy expert system. Proceedings of the ISCA 15th International Conference
Computers and Their Applications Proceedings of CATA-2000. 15th International
Conference on Computers and their Applications New Orleans, LA, USA 29-31
March 2000
Cary, NC, USA Int. Soc. Comput. & Their Appl.- ISCA, pp.249-52.
Keywords: Correlation methods; Expert systems; Feature extraction;
Fuzzy set theory; Geophysical signal processing; Image classification;
Image texture; Remote sensing; Spectral analysis; Feature set reduction;
Fuzzy expert system; Spectral features; Textural features; Satellite scene;
Computation time; Scene classification; Correlation analysis; Feature selection;
Polar scenes; Divergence metric ; Classification accuracy
Original abstract: Hundreds of spectral and textural features can be
extracted from a satellite scene. It is important to reduce this set to
reduce the computation time and for incrementing the accuracy of the classification
of these scenes. This study examines the combination of correlation analysis
and fuzzy expert system for feature selection in polar scenes. Features
selected using correlation analysis produce higher accuracy than the features
selected using the divergence metric. The main advantage of the fuzzy expert
system is that, in a feature selection process, it can be used to generate
a smaller feature set than other methods without sacrificing classification
accuracy. The reduction in the number of features results in a reduction
of classifying times of the fuzzy expert system used for the feature selection
process.
Penido, L. R.; H. J. H. Kux; J. T. Mattos, (1998). Remote sensing
and GIS techniques applied to highway planning: case study ring road project
(RODOANEL) surrounding Sao Paulo metropolitan region, Brazil. IGARSS
'98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience
and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174) Seattle,
WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.2574-6 vol.5.
Keywords: Civil engineering; Geographic information systems; Geophysical
techniques; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Town and country planning;
Satellite remote sensing; Optical image; Visible; Infrared image; IR image;
gis; Multispectral remote sensing; Highway planning; Road construction;
Planning; Ring road project; rodoanel; Sao Paulo; Brazil; Rodoanel highway;
dersa; Land cover; Landsat ; Land use
Original abstract: This study presents a remote sensing and GIS application
to analyze the ground appropriateness to locate and construct the Rodoanel
highway, a ring road surrounding the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region (SPMR).
This study was made in close cooperation with the Sao Paulo State Department
of Roads (DERSA). It corresponds to section 1 of Rodoanel, whose construction
will start in 1998. This Road Department provided documents with several
alternative locations for the Rodoanel, which is presently the most important
highway construction project in Brazil. To evaluate the aptness of this
area for huge civil engineering works, the authors made a map of land cover
units using TM-Landsat (bands 1,4,7), which was associated to maps of slopes
and geomorphology in a GIS environment.
Perkins, S. J.; J. Theiler; S. P. Brumby; N. R. Harvey; R. B. Porter;
J. J. Szymanski; J. J. Bloch, (2000). GENIE: a hybrid genetic algorithm
for feature classification in multispectral images. Applications and
Science of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, and Evolutionary Computation
III San Diego, CA, USA 31 July-1 Aug. 2000
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.52-62.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Genetic algorithms; Image classification;
Learning (artificial intelligence); Learning systems; genie; Hybrid genetic
algorithm; Feature classification; Multispectral images; Pixel classification;
Supervised learning; Supervised classification; Spatial neighborhood information;
Spatio-spectral features; Hybrid learning system; Image processing ; High-resolution
IKONOS data
Original abstract: We consider the problem of pixel-by-pixel classification
of a multispectral image using supervised learning. Conventional supervised
classification techniques such as maximum likelihood classification and
less conventional ones such as neural networks, typically base such classifications
solely on the spectral components of each pixel. It is easy to see why:
the color of a pixel provides a nice, bounded, fixed dimensional space
in which these classifiers work well. It is often the case however, that
spectral information alone is not sufficient to correctly classify a pixel.
Maybe spatial neighborhood information is required as well. Or maybe the
raw spectral components do not themselves make for easy classification,
but some arithmetic combination of them would. In either of these cases
we have the problem of selecting suitable spatial, spectral or spatio-spectral
features that allow the classifier to do its job well. The number of all
possible such features is extremely large. How can we select a suitable
subset? We have developed GENIE, a hybrid learning system that combines
a genetic algorithm that searches a space of image processing operations
for a set that can produce suitable feature planes, and a more conventional
classifier which uses those feature planes to output a final classification.
We show that the use of a hybrid GA provides significant advantages over
using either a GA alone or more conventional classification methods alone.
We present results using high-resolution IKONOS data, looking for regions
of burned forest and for roads.
Pesaresi, M., (1999). Textural classification of very high-resolution
satellite imagery: Empirical estimation of the interaction between window
size and detection accuracy in urban environment. Proceedings 1999
International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. 99CH36348) (ICIP'99)
Kobe, Japan 24-28 Oct. 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, v.vol.1, pp.114-18.
Keywords: Textural-based classification Image classification, Very-high
resolution satellite imagery, Urban analysis,Textural window size, Detection
accuracy, Small textural patch detection
Original abstract: In the framework of the textural-based classification
of very-high resolution satellite imagery for urban analysis applications,
the paper presents an exploration of the interaction between textural window
size and standard statistical classification output quality. In contrast
to the common approach that assumes a generically decreasing accuracy function
for increasing textural window size, a non-intuitive result of this work
is the demonstration of the possibility of obtaining high classification
performance with very wide-area textural windows. Another interesting result
is the observation that small textural patches in the image can also be
detected with relatively very large textural windows.
Pesaresi, M.; J. A. Benediktsson (2001). A new approach for the morphological
segmentation of high-resolution satellite imagery. IEEE Transactions
on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, V39, (N2): 309-20.
Keywords: Image segmentation , High-resolution satellite imagery
Original Abstract: A new segmentation method based on the morphological
characteristic of connected components in images is proposed. Theoretical
definitions of morphological leveling and morphological spectrum are used
in the formal definition of a morphological characteristic. In multiscale
segmentation, this characteristic is formalized through the derivative
of the morphological profile. Multiscale segmentation is particularly well
suited for complex image scenes such as aerial or fine resolution satellite
images, where very thin, enveloped and/or nested regions must be retained.
The proposed method performs well in the presence of both low radiometric
contrast and relatively low spatial resolution. Those factors may produce
a textural effect, a border effect, and ambiguity in the object/background
distinction. Segmentation examples for satellite images are given.
Pesaresi, M.; J. A. Benediktsson, (2000). Classification of urban
high-resolution satellite imagery using morphological and neural approaches.
IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.
Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing
the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28
July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, v.vol.7, pp.3066-8.
Keywords: Feature extraction , Image classification, Neural nets,
Panchromatic high resolution data, Multispectral method, Neural network
Original abstract: Classification of panchromatic high resolution data
from urban areas using morphological and neural approaches is investigated.
The proposed approach is in three steps. First, the composition of geodesic
opening and closing operations of different sizes is used in order to build
a morphological profile. Although, the original panchromatic data only
has one feature, the use of the composition operations will give many additional
features which may contain redundancies. Therefore, feature extraction
based on discriminant analysis is applied in the second step. Thirdly,
a neural network is used to classify the features. The proposed method
is particularly well suited for complex image scenes such as aerial or
fine-resolution satellite images, where very thin, enveloped and/or nested
regions have to be retained. It performs well in the presence of both low
radiometric contrast and relative low spatial resolution, which are factors
that may produce a textural effect, a border effect, and ambiguity in the
object/background distinction.
Pesaresi, M.; I. Kanellopoulos, (1998). A robust automatic recognition
system of man-made areas using morphological segmentation and very high
resolution remotely sensed data. Image and Signal Processing for Remote
Sensing IV Barcelona, Spain 21-23 Sept. 1998
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.268-77.
Keywords: Image classification; Image resolution; Multilayer perceptrons;
Robust automatic recognition system; Very high resolution remotely sensed
data; Segment based segmentation procedure ; Multi-layer perceptron neural
network classifier
Original abstract: Imagery from the new generation very high-resolution
sensors, will increase dramatically the geometric scene resolution but
it will also decrease the accuracy. For urban applications in particular,
with the spatial properties of the new sensors it will be possible to recognize
not only a generic texture window with specific urban characteristics,
but also to detect in detail the objects that constitute the "urban theme".
In this paper a segment based segmentation procedure is presented, based
on the gray-scale geodesic morphological transformation and has been successfully
utilized to detect built-up objects using only the 5 m spatial resolution
panchromatic data of the IRS1-C satellite. The imagery is subsequently
classified on a segment basis using a multi-layer perceptron neural network
classifier.
Petrakos, M.; I. Kannelopoulos; J. A. Benediktsson; M. Pesaresi, (2000).
The effect of correlation on the accuracy of the combined classifier
in decision level fusion. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience
and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role
of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120)
Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2623-5 vol.6.
Keywords: Image classification; Sensor fusion; Image processing;
Data fusion; Combined classifier ; Decision level fusion
Original abstract: Recently, decision level fusion has shown to have
great potential to increase classification accuracy beyond the point reached
by an individual classifier alone. There is a considerable body of literature
about identifying optimal ways to combine classifiers; however, the selection
of the classifiers to be combined is equally, if not more, crucial if an
improvement is to be made. Agreement among classifiers can inhibit the
gains obtained regardless of the method used to combine them. In this work
the authors are assessing the level of agreement between different classifiers
used in remote sensing using statistical measures. A study is performed
in which an image is classified with several methods with different degrees
of agreement between them. The results are then combined using decision
fusion schemes and the increase of accuracy is observed.
Pieper, D. (1996). GIS benefits long-range facilities planning.
GIS World, 9, (11): 58-60.
Keywords: Computer aided facilities layout; Geographic information
systems; Government data processing; Planning; Road traffic; Geographic
information system; Long-range facilities planning; Sherburne County Highway
Department; Investment; Additional facilities; Financial resources; Building
location; Building size; Building architecture; Transportation costs; Customers
proximity; Supplier proximity; Company facilities proximity; Geographic
concerns; Competitive concerns; Political concerns; Government agencies;
Decision-making; Public service levels; Tax spending; MN Sherburne County,
USA; Population growth ; Orr-Schelen-Mayeron & Associates
Original Abstract: The decision to invest in a new facility isn't a
simple one. In addition to securing financial resources, corporations must
make decisions regarding a building's location, size and architecture;
transportation costs; proximity to customers, suppliers and company facilities;
and other geographic, competitive and political concerns. Government agencies
and units often face the same decisions when pressured by the public to
increase service levels. In many cases, additional facilities are required
to meet existing needs or implement new programs. However, the same constituents
are concerned that tax dollars are spent appropriately and that final decisions
are unbiased. Sherburne County, MN, USA, recently faced such a situation.
The county was experiencing rapid population growth that stretched its
resources. Orr-Schelen-Mayeron & Associates used a GIS to help the
Sherburne County Highway Department develop a long-range facilities plan
to address these issues.
Pieraccini, M.; D. Tarchi; H. Rudolf; D. Leva; G. Luzi; C. Atzeni (2000).
Interferometric radar for remote monitoring of building deformations.
Electronics Letters, V36, (N6): 569-570.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: The authors propose an interferometric radar system
for the remote monitoring of structural deformations in buildings. A continuous
wave step frequency (CW-SF) radar is used to synthesise radar cross-section
(RCS) holographic images. The monitoring radar has been experimentally
validated during a structural static test of a concrete pedestrian bridge.
Pierce, L. E.; H. Xie; M. C. Dobson; F. T. Ulaby, (2000). Detecting
cultural features in urban SAR images for wireless applications. IGARSS
2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.
Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing
the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28
July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, v. vol.7, pp.2879-81.
Keywords: Automatic detection Urban SAR image, Image classification
Original abstract: This paper explores the use of L- and C-band SAR
data for detecting cultural features in urban SAR images. The resulting
map will be used in propagation models to assist in siting antennas for
wireless communication. The research starts with the classification of
a dataset of Dallas, Texas into several classes based on backscattering
coefficient statistics, IFSAR-derived height variation and density of the
buildings and vegetation. Further identifying major road networks, airports
and malls is also extremely important due to the high usage of cellular
phones in those areas. Because each has a very distinctive look in a SAR
image, involving linear features with low backscattering intensities for
roads, large open areas for runways and malls, and also a dense concentration
of buildings (stores) for malls. These targets are amenable to automatic
detection. The authors describe their efforts to classify each of these
cultural features. This is then compared with the known locations in the
area.
Pigeon, L.; B. Solaiman; T. Toutin; K. P. B. Thomson, (2000). 3D
map features extraction from radar and visible remotely sensed image fusion.
13th International Conference on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications.
MIKON - 2000. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.00EX428) 13th International
Conference on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications. MIKON-2000
Wroclaw, Poland 22-24 May 2000
Warsaw, Poland Telecommun. Res. Inst
13th International Conference on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications.,
pp.661-4 vol.2.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Knowledge based systems; Radar imaging;
Remote sensing by radar; Sensor fusion; Radar image; Remote sensing; Satellite
image fusion; Mapping; 3D map feature extraction; Semi-automatic intelligent
system; Strategies; Rules; Expert modeled knowledge; Aerial black and white
photographs; Roads; Railroads; Energy transmission lines ; Rivers
Original abstract: This paper presents an overview of a satellite image
fusion system for mapping applications. The map features to extract include
roads, railroads, energy transmission lines and some types of rivers. Actually,
the only data source used for their extraction is aerial black and white
photographs. The objective here is to fuse multi-source and multi-type
information in a semi-automatic intelligent system. The used information
ranges from satellite images (visible and radar) to domain-based models
and expert modeled knowledge, strategies and rules.
Pigeon, L.; B. Solaiman; T. Toutin; K. P. B. Thomson, (2000). Linear
planimetric feature domains modeling for multisensor fusion in remote sensing.
Sensor Fusion: Architectures, Algorithms, and Applications IV Orlando,
FL, USA 25-28 April 2000
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.420-7.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Image classification; Image resolution;
Knowledge based systems; Object recognition; Remote sensing; Sensor fusion;
Stereo image processing; Linear planimetric feature domains modeling; Multisensor
fusion; Multi-sensed data; Target recognition; Roads; Energy transmission
lines; Railroads; Rivers; Visible type satellite sensors; SPOT Panchromatic;
Landsat TM; Radar satellites; Radarsat fine mode; ers-1; Sensor resolutions;
Decision space; 3D symbolic map; Coherent uniform system; Object-oriented
approach; Radiometric feature; Geometric feature; Topologic feature; Sensor
model; Image acquisition; Image definition; Stereo image; Classification
information; Position; Accuracy; Reality object membership values ; Knowledge
sources
Original abstract: The availability of multi-sensed data, especially
in remote sensing, leads to new possibilities in the area of target recognition.
In fact, the information contained in an individual sensor represents only
one facet of the reality. The use of several sensors aims at covering different
facets of real world objects. In this study, the targets to recognize are
the planimetric features (i.e. roads, energy transmission lines, railroads
and rivers). The sensors used are visible type satellite sensors (SPOT
Panchromatic and Landsat TM) as well as radar satellites (Radarsat fine
mode and ERS-1). Sensor resolutions range from 8 to 30 meters/pixel. In
this study, the modeling is not limited, as it is generally the case, to
the problem feature's reality, but to each sensor that will be used. Moreover,
the decision space (here a 3D symbolic map) has to be modeled in the same
way as the reality and sensors to lead to a coherent and uniform system.
Each model is developed using an object-oriented approach. Each reality-object
is defined through its radiometric, geometric and topologic feature. The
sensor model objects are defined in accordance to image acquisition and
definition, including the stereo image cases (for SPOT and Radarsat). Finally,
the decision space objects define the resulting 3D symbolic map where,
for instance, a pixel attributes contain classification information as
well as position, accuracy, reality object's membership values, etc.
Pigeon, L.; B. Solaiman; T. Toutin; K. P. B. Thomson, (2000). Multi-agent
architecture for map features extraction in multi remotely sensed image
fusion. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote
Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing
in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu,
HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2840-2 vol.7.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical
techniques; Image classification; Multi-agent systems; Sensor fusion; Terrain
mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Image processing; Land surface;
Remote sensing; Multi-agent architecture; Map features extraction; Cartography;
Multi remotely sensed image fusion; Data fusion; Satellite image; Expert;
Knowledge; Planimetric map feature ; Palmyra
Original abstract: The problem of map features extraction from satellite
images requires the combination of several heterogeneous knowledge sources.
These sources range from databased knowledge as well as the modeled expert's
knowledge to the human expert interactions. The databased knowledge includes
image filters and feature primitive extraction tools. The modeled expert's
knowledge includes domain-based models (real, image and decision worlds),
rules and strategies. The human expert interactions concern mainly the
inputs of three-dimensional information and the validation processes. The
global stream of information inferred by the previous knowledge sources
should then be merged to lead to a single accurate decision, here the extraction
and classification of map features. In order to keep as much independence
and modularity as possible for each of the previous knowledge sources,
a multi-agent architecture is developed. This paper presents this architecture
in the context of a 3D linear planimetric map feature extraction and classification
system (Palmyra).
Pihlak, M.; D. Jones; P. Serra; S. Loeftus; J. Anderson, (1996). 3-D
and 4-D modeling from 2-D GIS: Maryland-National capital park and planning
MNCPPC Montgomery County, Maryland, USA. Geographical Information from
Research to Application Through Cooperation. Second Joint European Conference
and Exhibition Proceedings of Joint European Conference on Geographical
Information Barcelona, Spain 27-29 March 1996
Amsterdam, Netherlands IOS Press, pp.197-211 vol.1.
Keywords: Cartography; Data visualisation; Geographic information
systems; Town and country planning; Transportation; Visual databases; 4D
modeling; 3D modeling; 2d gis; Two dimensional geographic information system;
Investment; ArcInfo; Hewlett-Packard Apollo; Mapping project; Visualization
project; Regional landscape architectural fly-throughs; Movie making; Inter-County
Connector; Three dimensional modelling ; Four dimensional modelling
Original abstract: Montgomery County, a suburb of the District of Columbia
(DC) has made a major investment in ArcInfo on the Hewlett-Packard Apollo
platform. The multimillion dollar mapping project is not yet complete.
In an effort to illustrate the many beneficial spin-offs that can result
from an application of this GIS data, a prototype visualization project
was approved and funded at a start-up level. A controversial project was
chosen to test the usefulness of constructing 3D models from the 2D data
and then making a series of regional landscape architectural fly-throughs
(4D). These models and movies were shown to a citizen advisory group to
test the utility of movie making from the 2D GIS files. The Inter-County
Connector (ICC) is a twenty year old approved masterplan 300' wide right
of way for a transportation facility. The final product of this prototype
project will be a 3D model and a series of short movies to be accessed
within the county GIS system.
Priestnall, G., Jaafar, J., Duncan, A. (2000). Extracting urban features
from LIDAR digital surface models. Computers, Environment, and Urban
Systems, 24, (2): 65-78.
Keywords: LiDAR , feature extraction
Original Abstract: The use of airborne Light Detection And Ranging
(LiDAR) technology offers rapid high resolution capture of surface elevation
data suitable for a large range of applications. The representation of
both the ground surface and the features on that surface necessitates the
removal of these surface features if a ground surface Digital Elevation
Model (DEM) product is to be produced. This paper examines methods for
extracting surface features from a Digital Surface Model (DSM) produced
by LiDAR. It is argued that for some applications the extracted surface
feature layer can be of almost equal importance to the DEM. The example
of flood inundation modelling is used to illustrate how a DEM and a surface
roughness layer could be extracted from the original DSM. The potential
for refining surface roughness estimates by classifying extracted surface
features using both topographic and spectral characteristics is considered
using an Artificial Neural Network to discriminate between buildings and
trees.
Prieto, D. F.; L. Bruzzone; R. Cossu, (2000). A robust system for
classification of remote sensing images. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International
Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet:
The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat.
No.00CH37120) IGARSS 2000. Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.150-2 vol.1.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical
techniques; Image classification; Learning (artificial intelligence); Remote
sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface;
Robust system; Multitemporal images; Image sequence; Feature selection;
Invariant behavior ; Incremental learning classifier
Original abstract: A novel system for the robust classification of
multitemporal remote-sensing images is presented. The proposed system is
aimed to perform efficiently on images acquired in a specific area of interest
at different times also in the cases when the corresponding training set
is not available. It relies on three main modules: two modules are devoted
to the extraction and selection of features that exhibit a substantially
invariant behavior versus the image acquisition date. The last module is
an incremental learning classifier able to learn from different training
sets as they become available.
Psaraftis, H. N. (1995). Dynamic vehicle routing: status and prospects.
Annals of Operations Research, 61: 143-64.
Keywords: Automated highways; Distributive data processing; Electronic
data interchange; Geographic information systems; Global Positioning System;
Operations research; Reviews; Transportation; Vehicles; Dynamic vehicle
routing problems; Static algorithms; Methodological approaches; Computer-based
technologies; Global positioning systems ; Intelligent vehicle-highway
systems
Original Abstract: Although most real-world vehicle routing problems
are dynamic, the traditional methodological arsenal for this class of problems
has been based on adaptations of static algorithms. Still, some important
new methodological approaches have recently emerged. In addition, computer-based
technologies such as electronic data interchange (EDI), geographic information
systems (GIS), global positioning systems (GPS), and intelligent vehicle-highway
systems (IVHS) have significantly enhanced the possibilities for efficient
dynamic routing and have opened interesting directions for new research.
This paper examines the main issues in this rapidly growing area, and surveys
recent results and other advances. The assessment of possible impact of
new technologies and the distinction of dynamic problems vis-a-vis their
static counterparts are given emphasis.
Quattrochi, D. A.; M. K. Ridd (1994). Measurement and Analysis of
Thermal Energy Responses from Discrete Urban Surfaces Using Remote Sensing
Data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, V15, (N10):
1991-2022.
Keywords:
Quiroga, C. A. (2000). Performance measures and data requirements
for congestion management systems. Transportation Research Part
C (Emerging Technologies), 8C, (1-6): 287-306.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Global Positioning System;
Traffic engineering computing; Transportation; User interfaces; Performance
measures; Data requirements; Congestion management systems; Metropolitan
areas; Transportation network; Travel time; Data attribute requirements
; Database schemas
Original Abstract: Many metropolitan areas have started programs to
monitor the performance of their transportation network and to develop
systems to measure and manage congestion. The paper presents a review of
issues, procedures, and examples of application of geographic information
system (GIS) technology to the development of congestion management systems
(CMSs). The paper examines transportation network performance measures
and discusses the benefit of using travel time as a robust, easy to understand
performance measure. The paper addresses data needs and examines the use
of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology for the collection of travel
time and speed data. The paper also describes GIS platforms and sample
user interfaces to process the data collected in the field, data attribute
requirements and database schemas, and examples of application of GIS technology
for the production of maps and tabular reports.
Raghunathan, B.; S. T. Acton, (2000). Content based retrieval for
remotely sensed imagery. 4th IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis
and Interpretation Proceedings 4th IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis
and Interpretation Austin, TX, USA 2-4 April 2000
Los Alamitos, CA, USA IEEE Comput. Soc, pp.161-5.
Keywords: Content-based retrieval; Feature extraction; Filtering
theory; Geophysical signal processing; Image resolution; Image segmentation;
Image texture; Mathematical morphology; Pattern clustering; Remote sensing;
Content based retrieval; Remotely sensed imagery; Segmentation; Gabor filters;
Region extraction; Homogeneous texture; Filter responses; Multiscale clustering;
Area morphological filters; Shape extraction; Textural features ; Similarity
cues
Original abstract: We present a framework for content based retrieval
(CBR) of remotely sensed imagery. The main focus of our research is the
segmentation step in CBR. A bank of Gabor filters is used to extract regions
of homogeneous texture. These filter responses are utilized in a multiscale
clustering technique to yield the final segmentation. Novel area morphological
filters are utilized for the purpose of scaling. The resultant segmentation
yields regions that are homogeneous in terms of texture and are significant
in terms of scale. These regions are used for the purpose of extracting
shape and textural features (on a global and local basis) that provide
important similarity cues in CBR of remotely sensed imagery. In comparison
to solutions which use region merging, the segmentation from the texture/scale
space does not require heuristic post-processing, nor knowledge of the
number of significant regions.
Ralston, B. A. (2000). GIS and ITS traffic assignment: issues in
dynamic user-optimal assignments. GeoInformatica, 4,
(2): 231-43.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Knowledge based systems;
Object-oriented programming; Optimisation; Real-time systems; Traffic control;
Traffic information systems; Visual databases; ITS traffic assignment;
Dynamic user-optimal assignments; Static user-optimal assignments; dta;
ITS research; Intelligent transportation system; Real time route guidance;
User-optimal dynamic traffic assignment; Assignment models; Network analysis
functions; Commercial GIS packages; Custom software; Traffic control center;
GIS database; Faster-than-real-time analysis; GIS software design; Spatial
data handling; oop; Dynamic segmentation ; Time-sensitive ITS applications
Original Abstract: Dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) is at the heart
of much ITS (intelligent transportation system) research. Assigning traffic,
whether for planning purposes or for real time route guidance, is a difficult
problem. Recent advances in user-optimal dynamic traffic assignment have
built on the methods developed for static user-optimal assignments. Since
assignment models are complex, they will not use many of the network analysis
functions found in commercial GIS packages. Custom software will have to
be developed. The author explores the problems faced in solving static
and dynamic assignments and relates those problems to information that
is likely to be based in a traffic control center's GIS database. Because
of the size of the problem and the need for faster-than-real-time analysis,
how and when data is transferred between a GIS to analysis modules is important.
Further, many approaches for GIS software design and spatial data handling,
such as OOP and dynamic segmentation, may impose too much overhead to be
of much use in time-sensitive ITS applications.
Ranchin, T., (1999). Wavelets for modeling in remote sensing.
Wavelet Applications in Signal and Image Processing VII Denver, CO, USA
19-23 July 1999
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.208-18.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Image
recognition; Image representation; Image resolution; Remote sensing; Wavelet
transforms; Earth phenomena; Multi-scale phenomena; Multiresolution approach;
Representation; Vine detection; Streets extraction; Urban areas; Spatial
resolution ; 2D intensity images
Original abstract: This paper addresses the problem of modeling of
Earth phenomena from remotely sensed images. In the field of remote sensing,
the observed phenomena are most often multi-scale phenomena such as the
waves in oceans, the spatial organization of street networks in cities.
For extracting information, or processing this kind of images, a multiresolution
approach and modeling is often most powerful than classical approaches.
We present some winning applications based on multiresolution models derived
from the representation provided by multiresolution analysis and wavelet
transforms (WT). After a short reminder of WT and an example of application
to a remotely sensed image, three applications where modeling based on
WT improves the quality of results are presented: vine detection, streets
extraction in urban areas and improvement of the spatial resolution of
remotely sensed images.
Rangsanseri, Y., (1999). A fuzzy clustering of multispectral images
based on integrated spectral and spatial features. IEEE 1999 International
Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293)
Hamburg, Germany 28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.1306-8 vol.2.
Keywords: Decorrelation; Fuzzy set theory; Geophysical signal processing;
Image classification; Image texture; Karhunen-Loeve transforms; Matrix
algebra; Pattern clustering; Principal component analysis; Remote sensing;
Fuzzy clustering; Multispectral images; Integrated spectral/spatial features;
Unsupervised classification; Pixel values; Texture analysis; Spectral decorrelation;
Karhunen-Loeve transform; Principal component image; Gray-level co-occurrence
matrices ; Urban area image
Original abstract: An unsupervised classification method in multispectral
images based on a fuzzy clustering driven by integrated spectral and spatial
features is presented. Spectral information can be obtained directly from
pixel values in different frequency-band images, while spatial information
can be extracted by mean of texture analysis. The images are spectrally
decorrelated via the Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT). The resulting first
principal component image is then exploited by applying the gray-level
co-occurrence matrices. A fuzzy clustering approach is finally performed
based on the features that combine both spectral and spatial information
on the image. The results of applying the algorithm to an urban area image
are illustrated.
Rao, K. M. L. (1996). Regional Network Planning and the Development
of Rural Transportation Using Remote Sensing Techniques. International
Journal of Remote Sensing, V17, (N17): 3453-3466.
Keywords:
Rao, K. M. L. (1994). Cost Analysis over Flight Line and Ground Line
Alignments of Highway - Using Remote Sensing Technique. International
Journal of Remote Sensing, V15, (N16): 3165-3171.
Keywords:
Rao, K. M. L.; M. A. Reddy; M. M. A. Khan (1993). Transportation
Planning from Remote Sensing - a Case Study of the Tuni Region in Andhra-Pradesh,
India. International Journal of Remote Sensing, V14,
(N17): 3145-3155.
Keywords:
Rehfeld, J.; L. E. Sweeney, Jr., (1995). Applications of geographic
databases in ITS operational tests. *Steps Forward'. Proceedings of
the Second World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems *95 Yokohama
Proceedings of 2nd World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems Yokohama,
Japan 9-11 Nov. 1995
Tokyo, Japan Vehicle, Road & Traffic Intelligence Soc, pp.1646-51
vol.4.
Keywords: Automated highways; Cartography; Driver information systems;
Geographic information systems; Testing; Visual databases; Geographic databases;
Intelligent transportation systems; Field operational tests; Traveller
information systems; Digital road maps; Fleet management systems ; Emergency
notification systems
Original abstract: A large number of intelligent transportation systems
(ITS) field operational tests (FOTs) are completed, underway or under development
in the United States. Geographic databases play fundamental and critical
roles in many of these FOTs, especially for those involving traveller information
systems, fleet management systems, and emergency notification systems.
This paper describes the types and characteristics of various geographic
databases needed for ITS, and the requirements placed upon them by different
ITS applications. Specific FOT examples are used to illustrate the database
requirements for various ITS applications. The consequences of database
imperfections in these various applications are also discussed.
Rehrauer, H.; M. Datcu, (2000). Using scale in content-based queries
for spatial data. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and
Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote
Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu,
HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2837-9 vol.7.
Keywords: Content-based retrieval; Geophysical signal processing;
Geophysical techniques; Image retrieval; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping;
Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Content-based query; Image
processing; Scale; Pattern recognition; Feature; Linkage; Image content;
User-friendly language; Query tool; Training; Automatic scale selection
; Multi-scale stochastic model
Original abstract: Content-based retrieval from remote-sensing data
requires the linkage of features describing signal properties with terms
expressing image content in a user-friendly language. On the one hand we
need general and powerful features that describe precisely the data properties.
These must be signal-oriented free of any interpretation, so that the system
can respond in an unbiased manner to a wide range of queries. On the other
hand we have to provide the user of the retrieval system with a suitable
query tool where he can express his needs in terms he is familiar with.
To this end the authors use search terms that origin in the application
domain of the user and a graphical tool where the user can give training
regions in remote-sensing data. The difference to existing systems is that
we explicitly use the scale as a query element. The user has the possibility
to indicate the typical size of objects and structures he is looking for.
Even for novice remote-sensing users the quantity scale is easy to specify
for query terms like e.g. "crop field". In graphical queries using training
regions the scale is either given by the user, or it is determined automatically
from the training regions. Automatic scale selection is done using a multi-scale
stochastic model.
Ridd, M. K.; J. J. Liu (1998). A comparison of four algorithms for
change detection in an urban environment. Remote Sensing of Environment,
V63, (N2): 95-100.
Keywords: Change detection
Original Abstract: Four digital change detection algorithms are applied
to 1986 and 1990 Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images of a portion of the
Salt Lake Valley area to determine the land-cover/land-use changes between
the two dates. Image differencing and image regression are used with the
six reflective TM bands to create 12 change images. A tassled cap transformation
is also used to create three change images (change in brightness, greenness,
and wetness). A new method¯¯a Chi square transformation¯¯is
proposed and used with the six reflective bands to create a single band
change image. A thresholding strategy is applied to the change images to
separate the pixels of change from those of no change. Five hundred eighty-five
samples are selected through a combination of stratified random sampling
and systematic sampling procedure. Ground truth information on the sample
sites is obtained from the interpretation of color aerial photo slides
of the two dates. Three indices are used to assess the accuracies of the
sixteen change images for land-cover/land-use change detection. The regression
of TM Band 3 is found to be most accurate for detecting change vs. no change
in all three indices, while the difference image of TM4 is found to be
least accurate. The kind of change in land-cover/land-use is also examined.
The results are compared and summarized. Changes involving construction
sites and farmlands are found to be accurately detected by several change
images.
Roche, P.; A. Levinsohn; T. Walker, (1995). Corporate data integration
employing GIS at Alberta Transportation and Utilities. Ninth Annual
Symposium on Geographic Information Systems in Natural Resources Management.
Symposium Proceedings Proceedings Ninth Annual Symposium on Geographic
Information Systems Vancouver, BC, Canada 27-30 March 1995
Fort Collins, CO, USA GIS World, pp.282-7 vol.1.
Keywords: cad; Client-server systems; Engineering workstations;
Geographic information systems; Local area networks; Open systems; Planning;
Public administration; Road traffic; Traffic information systems; Transportation;
Corporate data integration; gis; Alberta Transportation and Utilities;
Geographically based information system; Databases; Corporate network;
Geographic interface; Geographic Information Management System; Transportation
programs; Engineering design CAD workstation network; Administrative mapping
system; Legacy systems; Traffic analysis; Transportation planning; Equipment
management; PC-based client-server systems; Property records; Contracts
management; Rural utilities; Business functions; Diverse technology environments
; Data access
Original abstract: Alberta Transportation and Utilities is implementing
a new geographically based information system that links many of the Department's
existing systems and databases into one corporate network, accessible through
a geographic interface-the Geographic Information Management System (GIMS).
The Department has been developing systems in support of its transportation
programs for more than 20 years. Existing systems include: an extensive
network of engineering design (CAD) workstations; an administrative mapping
system; and legacy systems for traffic analysis, transportation planning,
equipment management; and many other Department functions. Recently the
Department has implemented several new PC-based client-server systems for
property records, contracts management and rural utilities. In all there
are approximately 200 databases and systems, operating in diverse technology
environments, supporting over 400 business functions, in 15 geographic
locations around the province. A major issue has been the integration of
data and processes across these systems and providing integrated spatial
and non-spatial data access for a broad range of users. GIMS provides a
standard geographical interface to the Department's systems, and provide
all Department users with access to mission critical data regardless of
their geographic location. The GIMS development approach is the result
of six month framework. Design study that identified immediate and long-term
applications for GIS related technology within the Department. The framework
has been defined in terms of a system architecture comprising three technical
components: an Applications Architecture, a Data Architecture, and a Technology
Architecture; and a Management Framework. The system architecture has been
designed to accommodate both current and future needs and provides a means
for migrating from the current to the target situation. GIMS is being implemented
as a client-server application using an open systems architecture. GIMS
Release 1 provides Department users with access to a wide range of engineering,
administrative, and geographic data through a desk-top client GIS. The
client GIS links a selected set of geographic features to existing engineering
drawings in the Department's CAD systems and administrative data in tabular
legacy databases.
Roger, R. E.; J. F. Arnold (1996). Reliably Estimating the Noise
in Aviris Hyperspectral Images. International Journal of Remote
Sensing, V17, (N10): 1951-1962.
Keywords: AVIRIS , hyperspectral analysis, noise estimation
Roger, R. E.; M. C. Cavenor (1996). Lossless Compression of Aviris
Images. Ieee Transactions on Image Processing, V5, (N5):
713-719.
Keywords: AVIRIS , lossless compression, hyperspectral images
Original Abstract: Adaptive DPCM methods using linear prediction are
described for the lossless compression of hyperspectral (224-band) images
recorded by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS).
The methods have two stages-predictive decorrelation (which produces residuals)
and residual encoding. Good predictors are described, whose performance
closely approaches limits imposed by sensor noise. It is imperative that
these predictors make use of the high spectral correlations between bands.
The residuals are encoded using variable-length coding (VLC) methods, and
compression is improved by using eight codebooks whose design depends on
the sensor's noise characteristics. Rice (1979) coding has also been evaluated;
it loses 0.02-0.05 b/pixel compression compared with better VLC methods
but is much simpler and faster. Results for compressing ten AVIRIS images
are reported.
Rogers, S., (2000). Creating and evaluating highly accurate maps
with probe vehicles. ITSC2000. 2000 IEEE Intelligent Transportation
Systems. Proceedings (Cat. No.00TH8493) 2000 IEEE Intelligent Transportation
Systems. Proceedings Dearborn, MI, USA 1-3 Oct. 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.125-30.
Keywords: Cartography; Computerised navigation; Driver information
systems; Geographic information systems; Global Positioning System; Mobile
robots; Road vehicles; Safety systems; Probe vehicles; Accurate map creation;
Accurate map evaluation; Safety; Navigation; Digital maps; Manual lane
measurements; Global Positioning System receivers; gps; Differential corrections;
Safety applications; Lanekeeping; Convenience applications; Lane-changing
advice; Multiple position traces; Geographic information system; Geographic
IS ; gis
Original abstract: Many advanced safety and navigation applications
in vehicles require accurate, detailed digital maps, but manual lane measurements
are expensive and time-consuming, making automated techniques desirable.
This paper describes a system that refines and augments commercial digital
maps using position traces that come from Global Positioning System receivers
with differential corrections. The computed lane models enable safety applications,
such as lanekeeping, and convenience applications, such as lane-changing
advice. We also present a number of evaluation metrics for estimating the
quality of the enhanced maps we generate. Multiple position traces are
a powerful new source of data that enables cheap, automated methods of
inducing lane models, as well as other geographic knowledge, like traffic
signals and elevations, and potentially impacts any geographic information
system with a need to relate to actual behavior.
Roper, J. J. (1996). Digital imagery promotes road project acceptance.
GIS World, 9, (10): 58-60.
Keywords: cad; Civil engineering computing; Edge detection; Geographic
information systems; Photography; Public administration; Transportation;
Digital imagery; Road widening project; Project acceptance; State Road
60; Two-lane road; Four-lane divided highway; Florida Department of Transportation;
Project Development and Environment Study; gis; Aerial photography; Edge
matching; Seamless image; MicroStation Descartes; MicroStation CAD package;
Transparent layers; Spatial data ; CAD views
Original Abstract: Although it's a beautiful drive, traffic fatalities
are high along Florida's narrow State Road 60. Soon, the two-lane road
will be widened to a four-lane divided highway, but before construction
begins, the Florida Department of Transportation will complete a "Project
Development and Environment Study" using a GIS to help minimize the effects
of widening the road. Initially, aerial photography running 27 miles long
by 8 miles wide was gathered, digitized and verified with conventional
surveys. The team then edge-matched more than 40 different photos to create
a seamless image of the entire corridor. Using MicroStation Descartes for
the MicroStation CAD package, the team could examine the image under transparent
layers of spatial data and various CAD views.
Rose, J. F. (1989). Spatial Interference in the Aviris Imaging Spectrometer.
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, V55, (N9):
1339-1346.
Keywords: AVIRIS
Rosen, E. M.; E. Ayers; D. Bonn; K. D. Sherbondy; C. A. Amazeen, (2000).
Analysis of Jaycor's forward-looking ground-penetrating radar data.
Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets V
Orlando, FL, USA 24-28 April 2000
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.1058-66.
Keywords: Buried object detection; Military radar; Radar antennas;
Radar clutter; Radar imaging; Remote sensing by radar; Time-frequency analysis;
Forward-looking ground-penetrating radar; Jaycor GPR system; Vehicular-mounted
mine detection system; Mine discrimination; Antitank mines; Clutter statistics;
Target statistics; Signal-to-clutter ratios; Hyperbolic dish; Horn antennas;
Mine tracking ; Time-frequency response
Original abstract: To date, most of the vehicular-mounted mine detection
systems employing ground-penetrating radar are down looking in the sense
that the array of radar antennas is approximately 1-m forward of the vehicle
and pointed straight down. Advantages of systems that are able to look
forward of the vehicle by more than 10 m include the ability to make detections
at greater stand-off distances and to use mulitpe looks at targets to discriminate
mines from clutter. Data collected by Jaycor's forward-looking ground-penetrating
radar (FLGPR) system provides a means by which these advantages can be
assessed. In February 1999, Jaycor took its FLGPR to the antitank (AT)
mine lanes at Socorro, New Mexico. Jaycor made several excursions over
simulated roads that contained a mix of metal-and plastic-cased AT mines
on the surface and buried up to 4 in. We describe Jaycor's FLGPR system
and the data collection exercise it underwent at Socorro and then analyze
raw GPR sensor data with an emphasis on comparing signal strengths reflected
from mines with signals reflected in the absence of mines. With knowledge
of the baseline, we compute target and clutter statistics, including signal-to-clutter
ratios for various categories of mine types and mine depths. We then demonstrate
the ability to track mine signatures in the data.
Roth, M. W. (1999). High-resolution interferometric synthetic aperture
radar for Discoverer II. Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest,
20, (3): 297-304.
Keywords: Military radar; Radar imaging; Radar resolution; Radiowave
interferometry; Remote sensing by radar; Search radar; Spaceborne radar;
Synthetic aperture radar; Terrain mapping; Discoverer II; High-resolution
interferometric SAR; Digital terrain-elevation data; Space-based IFSAR
mission; High-resolution terrain-mapping mode; Phase unwrapping; Baseline-tilt
estimation; Motion contamination; Urban-area effects; Vegetation effects;
Synchronization; Error minimization; Tactical targeting; Technology demonstration
program; Surveillance; Battlefield preparation; SAR images ; Topographic
mapping
Original Abstract: Requirements have recently emerged for high-resolution
digital terrain-elevation data. Such data are required for critical applications
such as intelligent preparation of the battlefield and precision engagement.
The recent development of high-resolution interferometric synthetic aperture
radar (IFSAR) has made meeting these requirements a possibility. Because
studies have shown that a space-based IFSAR mission is feasible, a high-resolution
terrain-mapping mode has been included as an important part of the Discoverer
II Technology Demonstration Program. This article presents a survey of
the current state of research for space-based high-resolution IFSAR. Research
and development have focused on key technical challenges such as phase
unwrapping, baseline-tilt estimation, motion contamination, vegetation
and urban-area effects, synchronization, and error minimization. The application
of high-resolution terrain-elevation data to tactical targeting is also
discussed.
Roux, M., (1997). Cooperation for analysis of maps and aerial images
for urban scene description. Image Processing, Signal Processing, and
Synthetic Aperture Radar for Remote Sensing London, UK 22-26 Sept. 1997
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.254-67.
Keywords: Cartography; Edge detection; Feature extraction; Geography;
Remote sensing; Maps; Aerial images; Urban scene; Three-dimensional cartographic
databases; Dense urban areas; Scanned maps; Digital terrain models; Aerial
imagery; Road network; Urban blocks; Buildings; Disparity image; Stereo
pair ; Landscapes
Original abstract: In this paper we present a method to generate three-dimensional
cartographic databases in dense urban areas using simultaneously scanned
maps and aerial images. The generation of digital terrain models (DTM)
and the three-dimensional description of buildings using aerial imagery
are both supported by the previous analysis of scanned maps. Our approach
relies on various information extracted from the maps on different features
like the road network, the urban blocks and the buildings. These features
are used to guide the analysis of a disparity image calculated with a stereo
pair of aerial images. For the generation of a DTM, the road network allows
to focus the algorithms on regions where the information on the ground
elevation is available: the crossroads and the road sections. For the detection
and the description of buildings, each urban block provided by the road
network of the map is analyzed separately, taking into account the different
features detected in the map. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated
using complex imagery over large and dense urban areas presenting a large
variety of landscapes.
Roux, M., (1996). Automatic registration of SPOT images and digitized
maps. Proceedings. International Conference on Image Processing (Cat.
No.96CH35919) Proceedings of 3rd IEEE International Conference on Image
Processing Lausanne, Switzerland 16-19 Sept. 1996
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.625-8 vol.2.
Keywords: Cartography; Feature extraction; Image matching; Image
registration; Remote sensing; Automatic registration; SPOT images; Digitized
maps; High level features; Urban areas; Crossroads; Hypothesis generation
and propagation scheme; Partial maps ; Large SPOT image
Original abstract: This paper presents a new method for the automatic
registration of SPOT images and digitised maps. Direct matching of high
level features (urban areas and crossroads) is performed using an hypothesis
generation and propagation scheme. Results are presented for the registration
of SPOT images and maps covering the same scene, as well as for the retrieval
of partial maps into a large SPOT image.
Roux, M.; H. Maitre, (1998). Map analysis for guided interpretation
of aerial images. Graphics Recognition. Algorithms and Systems. Second
International Workshop, GREC '97. Selected Papers Nancy, France 22-23 Aug.
1997
Berlin, Germany Springer-Verlag, pp.243-56.
Keywords: Cartography; Feature extraction; Image segmentation; Knowledge
acquisition; Town and country planning; Visual databases; Map analysis;
Guided interpretation; Aerial image interpretation; City maps; Semantic
information; Raw information; Road network; Urban blocks; Semantic description;
Digital terrain model; 3D description ; Buildings
Original abstract: We present a set of procedures to extract useful
information from maps of cities in order to help in interpreting aerial
images. The aim of the work is to combine semantic information issued from
the map with the raw information coming from a picture. Several cues can
be extracted from maps. The road network gives the structure of the city
and cuts the scene into small but coherent regions: urban blocks. The map
gives also a geometric and semantic description of the contents of each
urban block. This information can then be used for the interpretation of
aerial images. Two applications are briefly presented: the generation of
a digital terrain model (DTM) in urban areas and the 3D description of
buildings.
Rowe, N. C.; L. L. Grewe (2001). Change detection for linear features
in aerial photographs using edge-finding. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience
and Remote Sensing, 39, (7): 1608-12.
Keywords: Edge detection; Feature extraction; Geophysical signal
processing; Geophysical techniques; Image processing; Image sequences;
Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land
use; Land surface; Optical imaging; Change detection; Linear feature; Aerial
photograph; Edge finding; Automatic change detection; Road; Building; Major
line segment ; Automatic matching
Original Abstract: The authors describe a system fur automatic change
detection of linear features such as roads and buildings in aerial photographs.
Rather than compare pixels, they match major line segments and note those
without counterparts. Experiments show their methods to be promising for
images of around 2-m resolution.
Ruiz-Shulcloper, J.; E. Alba-Cabrera; G. Sanchez-Diaz, (2000). DGLC:
a density-based global logical combinatorial clustering algorithm for large
mixed incomplete data. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience
and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role
of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120)
Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2846-8 vol.7.
Keywords: Data mining; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical
techniques; Pattern recognition; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical
measurement technique; Land surface; Image processing; dglc; Density-based
global logical combinatorial clustering algorithm; Large mixed incomplete
data; Sensor fusion; Data fusion; Data analysis; Large mixed incomplete
data set ; Logical combinatorial approach
Original abstract: Clustering has been widely used in areas as pattern
recognition, data analysis and image processing. Recently, clustering algorithms
have been recognized as one of a powerful tool for data mining. However,
the well-known clustering algorithms offer no solution to the case of large
mixed incomplete data sets. The authors comment the possibilities of application
of the methods, techniques and philosophy of the logical combinatorial
approach for clustering in these kinds of data sets. They present the new
clustering algorithm DGLC for discovering beta /sub 0/-density connected
components from large mixed incomplete data sets. This algorithm combines
the ideas of logical combinatorial pattern recognition with the density
based notion of cluster. Finally, an example is showed in order to illustrate
the work of the algorithm.
Ryan, M. J.; J. F. Arnold (1997). The lossless compression of AVIRIS
images by vector quantization. Ieee Transactions on Geoscience and
Remote Sensing, V35, (N3): 546-550.
Keywords: AVIRIS , lossless compression, hyperspectral images
Original Abstract: The structure of hyperspectral images reveals spectral
responses that would seem ideal candidates for compression by vector quantization.
This paper outlines the results of an investigation of lossless vector
quantization of 224-band Airborne/Visible Infrared imaging Spectrometer
(AVIRIS) images. Various vector formation techniques are identified and
suitable quantization parameters are investigated. A new technique, mean-normalized
vector quantization (M-NVQ), is proposed which produces compression performances
approaching the theoretical minimum compressed image entropy of 5 bits/pixel.
Images are compressed from original image entropies of between 8.28 and
10.89 bits/pixel to between 4.83 and 5.90 bits/pixel.
Saarenketo, T.; T. Scullion (2000). Road evaluation with ground penetrating
radar. Journal of Applied Geophysics, V43, (N2-4): 119-138.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: This paper provides a status report of the Ground
Penetrating Radar GPR highway applications based on studies conducted in
both Scandinavia and the USA. After several years of research local transportation
agencies are now beginning to implement GPR technology for both network
and project level surveys. This paper summarizes the principles of operation
of both ground-coupled and air-launched GPR systems together with a discussion
of both signal processing and data interpretation techniques. In the area
of subgrade soil evaluation GPR techniques have been used to nondestructively
identify soil type, to estimate the thickness of overburden and to evaluate
the compressibility and frost susceptibility of subgrade soil. In road
structure surveys, GPR has been used to measure layer thickness, to detect
subsurface defects and to evaluate base course quality. In quality control
surveys, GPR techniques have been used for thickness measurements, to estimate
air void content of asphalt surfaces and to detect mix segregation. Future
developments are described where the technique has great potential in assisting
pavement engineers with their new pavement designs and in determining the
optimal repair strategies for deteriorated roadways.
Saarenketo, T.; M. K. Soderqvist (1994). Ground Penetrating Radar
Applications for Bridge Deck Evaluations in Finland. Insight,
V36, (N7): 496-501.
Keywords:
Savage, N. (1999). Remote sensing - Lidar sensor sees forest and
the trees. Laser Focus World, V35, (N5): 71-72.
Keywords:
Schiavon, G.; D. Solimini, (2000). Dihedral and trihedral corner
reflector models for the interpretation of radar returns from urban manufacts.
IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.
Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing
the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28
July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2882-4 vol.7.
Keywords: Backscatter; Geophysical techniques; Radar cross-sections;
Radar polarimetry; Radar theory; Remote sensing by radar; Terrain mapping;
Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Urban area; Town; City;
Building; Radar remote sensing; Radar scattering; Trihedral corner reflector
model; Dihedral; Radar return; Urban manufact; Microwave polarimetric model;
Dielectric dihedral reflector; Urban type cover; Reflecting surface; Size;
Dimensions; Roughness; Coherent scattering ; Diffuse scattering
Original abstract: Microwave polarimetric models for dielectric dihedral
and trihedral corner reflectors are presented. They could provide helpful
tools to understand the complex interaction of radar with urban type cover.
The models take into account the dimensions of the reflecting surfaces,
their dielectric properties and roughness, and evaluates contributions
of coherent and diffuse scattering.
Segl, K.; H. Kaufmann (2001). Detection of small objects from high-resolution
panchromatic satellite imagery based on supervised image segmentation.
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 39, (9):
2080-3.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical
techniques; Image processing; Image segmentation; Multidimensional signal
processing; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique;
Land surface; Multispectral remote sensing; Optical imaging; IR imaging;
Visible region; Small object detection; High-resolution panchromatic image;
Satellite image; Supervised image segmentation; Small object; Shape; Iterative
procedure ; Target-oriented search
Original Abstract: A new concept for the detection of small objects
from modular optoelectronic multispectral scanner (MOMS-02) high spatial
resolution panchromatic satellite imagery is presented. The authors combine
supervised shape classification with unsupervised image segmentation in
an iterative procedure which allows a target-oriented search for specific
object shapes.
Segl, K.; S. Roessner; U. Heiden, (2000). Differentiation of urban
surfaces based on hyperspectral image data and a multi-technique approach.
IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.
Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing
the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28
July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.1600-2 vol.4.
Keywords: Hyperspectral remote sensing Multispectral remote sensing,
Linear spectral unmixing, Spectral classification, Image processing, Urban
surface cover type, Shape-based detection, Pixel-oriented endmember selection
Original abstract: Airborne hyperspectral data yield a new potential
for spectrally-based identification, but also raise new challenges in image
analysis caused by a high spatial and spectral variability of the urban
environment. The algorithms have to analyze spectrally mixed and non-mixed-pixels
of various classes which often show spectrally similar characteristics.
In this context the authors developed a multi-technique approach which
combines linear spectral unmixing and spectral classification for a complete
inventory of main urban surface cover types. Despite the good results,
problems remained in differentiation of spectrally similar surfaces, such
as buildings and sealed open surfaces. The authors present an improved
approach including a new algorithm for shape-based detection of buildings
and new rules for an optimized pixel-oriented endmember selection. The
approach was developed using DAIS hyperspectral image data of the reflective
and thermal wavelength ranges covering a study area in the city of Dresden
(Germany). In the result a much improved identification of urban surfaces
was achieved due to the incorporation of shape-based techniques.
Serpico, S. B.; L. Bruzzone (2001). A new search algorithm for feature
selection in hyperspectral remote sensing images. IEEE Transactions
on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 39, (7): 1360-7.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical
techniques; Multidimensional signal processing; Remote sensing; Terrain
mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Multispectral
remote sensing; Image processing; Algorithm; Feature selection; Hyperspectral
remote sensing; Optical imaging; Suboptimal search strategy ; Binary string
Original Abstract: A new suboptimal search strategy suitable for feature
selection in very high-dimensional remote sensing images (e.g., those acquired
by hyperspectral sensors) is proposed. Each solution of the feature selection
problem is represented as a binary string that indicates which features
are selected and which are disregarded. In turn, each binary string corresponds
to a point of a multidimensional binary space. Given a criterion function
to evaluate the effectiveness of a selected solution, the proposed strategy
is based on the search for constrained local extremes of such a function
in the above-defined binary space. In particular, two different algorithms
are presented that explore the space of solutions in different ways. These
algorithms are compared with the classical sequential forward selection
and sequential forward floating selection suboptimal techniques, using
hyperspectral remote sensing images (acquired by the airborne visible/infrared
imaging spectrometer [AVIRIS] sensor) as a data set. Experimental results
point out the effectiveness of both algorithms, which can be regarded as
valid alternatives to classical methods, as they allow interesting tradeoffs
between the qualities of selected feature subsets and computational cost.
Shaban, M. A.; O. Dikshit, (1999). Land use classification for urban
areas using spatial properties. IEEE 1999 International Geoscience
and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293) Hamburg, Germany
28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.1140-2 vol.2.
Keywords: Geography; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical
techniques; Image classification; Image texture; Terrain mapping; Geophysical
measurement technique; Land surface; Land use; Remote sensing; Urban area;
Cover frequency algorithm; Spatial properties; Lucknow; India; Assuit;
Egypt; City; Training; Test area; Accuracy; Texture feature; Grey level
co-occurrence matrix; Algorithm ; Well-planned city
Original abstract: The cover frequency algorithm (CFA) has been applied
to prepare land use maps of two cities, Lucknow (India) and Assuit (Egypt).
The overall classification accuracy improved by 10% and 15% in case of
training and test area respectively for the well-planned Assuit city. The
overall and individual class accuracies of most of the classes reach 85%
or higher suggesting usefulness of CFA. On the other hand CFA does not
show any advantage in classifying Lucknow which is relatively poorly planned.
A comparison of classification using CFA to that using a combination of
three spectral and one texture features computed from grey level co-occurrence
matrix (GLCM) algorithm indicated that for the well-planned Assuit city,
the improvement in accuracy using both approaches were similar. However,
CFA is computationally simple and unlike texture algorithms it takes shorter
time and requires optimisation of only one parameter i.e. window size.
However, for a heterogeneous and poorly planned city like Lucknow, one
should use combined spectral and textural features rather than CFA to improve
classification accuracy.
Shaban, M. A.; O. Dikshit, (1998). Textural classification of high
resolution digital satellite imagery. IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing
the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing.
Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174) Seattle, WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.2590-2 vol.5.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical
techniques; Image classification; Image texture; Multidimensional signal
processing; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique;
Land surface; Satellite remote sensing; Optical imaging; High resolution
image; Urban; spot; XS imagery; Grey level co-occurrence matrix; Image
processing; Spectral feature; Accuracy ; Multispectral remote sensing
Original abstract: This paper presents investigations with digital
spectral and textural classification of urban environment using SPOT XS
imagery and grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) approach. The results
indicate that a combination of texture and spectral features significantly
improves the classification accuracy compared to a classification with
pure spectral features only. This improvement is about 9% for an addition
of one texture feature.
Shalaby, M. T.; A. A. Darwish, (2000). Classification trees for improving
the accuracy of land use urban data from remotely sensed images. Management
Information Systems 2000. Second International Conference on Management
Information Systems Incorporating GIS and Remote Sensing. Udine, Italy
May 2000
Southampton, UK WIT Press, pp.381-91.
Keywords: Cartography; Image classification; Remote sensing; Town
and country planning; Trees (mathematics); Classification trees; Land use
urban data accuracy; Remotely sensed images; Classification accuracy; Urban
planning data; Affordable system; Landsat TM scene; Greater Cairo Metropolitan
Area; gcma; Classification tree; Urban data; Overall Classification Accuracy;
Kappa Statistic; K/sup _/; User intervention ; Surveying methods
Original abstract: The paper summarizes the results of a joint research
carried out between the Informatics Institute of IT, University of Nottingham
in the UK and the Information Technology Institute (ITI) in Egypt. The
research focuses on achieving higher classification accuracy to extract
urban planning data from remotely sensed images. The research aims at providing
an affordable system, which is capable of operating with limited data to
produce the best possible classification accuracy. A Landsat TM scene of
Greater Cairo Metropolitan Area (GCMA) is used to test the validity and
reliability of the proposed classification tree. The paper includes three
main sections. The first introduces the current problem of the accuracy
of urban data and the proposed solution. The second discusses the target
classes, the most commonly used classification techniques and the proposed
classification tree. The last section compares the experiment results and
highlights the research conclusions. Findings show that the proposed classification
tree yielded the highest accuracy for both the *Overall Classification
Accuracy' (OA) and the *Kappa Statistic' (K/sup _/). However, the process
of constructing the tree was complicated, and required a greater level
of user intervention. Results show that remotely sensed images could be
used as an alternative to traditional surveying methods to provide up-to-date
urban data with a high level of accuracy.
Shan, Y.; M. Berthod; G. Giraudon (1999). Toward robust analysis
of satellite images using map information-application to urban area detection.
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 37, (4):
1925-39.
Keywords: Bayes methods; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical
techniques; Image processing; Markov processes; Remote sensing; Terrain
mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Robust analysis;
Satellite image; Map information; Urban area detection; Town; City; Complex
natural scene; Integrated approach; Markov random field theory; Bayes formula;
Image analysis problem; Optimization; Objective function; Markov random
field; Image contextual information; Context ; Feedback
Original Abstract: With the rapid development of remote sensing, digital
image processing has become an important tool for the quantitative and
statistical analysis of remotely sensed images. These images most often
contain complex natural scenes. The robust interpretation of such images
requires the use of different sources of information about the scenes under
consideration. This paper presents an integrated approach to robust analysis
of SPOT images with the aid of map information as well as a priori knowledge
about the contextual information of images. Markov random field theory
and the Bayes formula are used to formulate the image analysis problem
as a problem of optimization of an objective function, which in turn permits
the application of various existing optimization algorithms to solve the
problem. To increase the robustness of the result, several techniques are
proposed to effectively use map information and image contextual information.
The first one is concerned with the estimation of the parameters in the
objective function with the help of these two sources of information. The
second one is the integration of map information in Bayes image modeling
using a Markov random field. The third one is a new optimization algorithm
which takes into account map information and image contextual information
by means of a feedback control scheme. The last technique proposed to increase
the robustness of the result is concerned with the fusion of several (intermediate)
analysis results by again using map knowledge and image contextual information
for the estimation of the reliability of these results.
Shcherbakov, M. A.; W. E. Schegolev, (2000). A wavelet-based technique
for image refinement. Signal Processing X Theories and Applications.
Proceedings of EUSIPCO 2000. Tenth European Signal Processing Conference
Proceedings of 10th European Signal Processing Conference Tampere, Finland
4-8 Sept. 2000
Tampere, Finland Tampere Univ. Technology, pp.1737-8 vol.3.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Image enhancement; Image resolution;
Remote sensing; Wavelet transforms; Wavelet-based technique; Image refinement;
Extended version; Image quality; Non-compressed grayscale format; Superimage
; Image rescaling
Original abstract: We concentrate on a wavelet-based technique of image
refinement. Specifically, we aim to obtain the extended version of an original
image while preserving its quality. The image to be expanded is given in
a non-compressed grayscale format. According to the method we propose,
the original image is, heuristically, supposed to be a smoothed version
of an unknown sharp image we try to reach. The former is referred to as
the superimage, in the sense that it is not just a resized version of the
original, but is rendered in more detail than the original. This is the
case if we derive the details out of the given image. We have found it
reasonable to look at the problem in the wavelet background, as it comprises
the image rescaling and feature extraction operations in their natural
combination. We offer a number of approaches to the problem, which are
supported by the relevant examples. Applications are expected to arise
in remote sensing image refinement.
Shibata, M., (1995). Applications of digital road maps in Japan.
Towards an Intelligent Transport System. Proceedings of the First World
Congress on Applications of Transport Telematics and Intelligent Vehicle-Highway
Systems Proceedings of the First World Congress on ATT & IVHS Paris,
France 30 Nov.-3 Dec. 1994
London, UK Artech House, pp.229-32 vol.1.
Keywords: Automated highways; Cartography; Geographic information
systems; Navigation; Traffic information systems; Visual databases; Digital
road maps; Japan; Intelligent transport systems; Vehicle navigation; Transportation;
Road management; Road data display system; Road sign monitoring ; Map database
Original abstract: Digital road maps (DRM) are being utilized in many
applications in intelligent transport systems. Vehicle navigation is currently
the most widely spread application of DRM. Vehicle management system is
an application adopted in transportation businesses and emergency activities.
Applications to assist road management and planning such as road data display
system and road sign monitoring system are used by road administrators.
Shih-Lung, S.; W. Dongmei (2000). Handling disaggregate spatiotemporal
travel data in GIS. GeoInformatica, 4, (2): 161-78.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Relational databases;
Town and country planning; Traffic information systems; Transportation;
Disaggregate spatiotemporal travel data handling; Urban transportation
planning studies; GIS environment; Urban travel demand models; Aggregate
models; Disaggregate models; Trip based paradigm; Activity based paradigm;
Temporal components; Data organization level; Redundancy; Complex relationships;
Data items; Data organization; Attribute criteria; Relational database
approach; Dynamic segmentation ; Sample travel diary data set
Original Abstract: Disaggregate travel data is not new to urban transportation
planning studies, but it is infrequently handled in a GIS environment.
With the evolution of urban travel demand models from aggregate models
to disaggregate models and from a trip based paradigm to an activity based
paradigm, there is a growing need for managing disaggregate travel data
with spatial and temporal components in a GIS environment. At the data
organization level, the main challenge is to efficiently store the data
by minimizing redundancy while maintaining the complex relationships among
the data items. The data organization should allow users to retrieve and
visualize disaggregate travel data according to various possible combinations
of spatial, temporal, and attribute criteria. The paper presents an implementation
that employs a relational database approach and dynamic segmentation to
organize the spatial, temporal, and attribute components in a sample travel
diary data set. Discussions of the benefits and shortcomings associated
with this approach are provided, along with suggestions for future research.
Shinmura, H.; K. Hiraoka; N. Hamada, (2000). Optimal filter in the
frequency-time mixed domain to extract moving object. Applications
of Digital Image Processing XXIII San Diego, CA, USA 31 July-3 Aug. 2000
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.302-10.
Keywords: Circuit optimisation; Feature extraction; Filtering theory;
FIR filters; Fourier transforms; Frequency-domain synthesis; Image motion
analysis; Least mean squares methods; Remote sensing; Robot vision; Time-domain
synthesis; Time-frequency analysis; Frequency-time mixed domain; Moving
object extraction; Image sequence; Optimal filter design method; Frequency
selective filter; Dynamic images; 3D frequency domain; 2D frequency domain;
1D time domain; Noise frequency; Least mean square error; LMS error; 2D
spatial Fourier transform; FIR filtering; Finite frames; Velocity vector;
Power spectrum; Noise signal; Filter coefficients ; 2D inverse Fourier
transform
Original abstract: There are same occasions to extract the moving object
from image sequence in the region of remote sensing, robot vision and so
on. The process needs to have high accurate extraction and simpler realization.
In this paper, we propose the design method of the optimal filter in the
frequency-time mixed domain. The frequency selective filter to dynamic
images usually are designed in 3-D frequency domain. But, design method
of the filter is difficult because of its high parameter degree. By the
use of frequency-time mixed domain (MixeD) which constitutes of 2-D frequency
domain and 1-D time domain, design of filters becomes easier. But usually
the desired and noise frequency component of image tend to concentrate
near the origin in the frequency domain. Therefore, conventional frequency
selective filters are difficult to distinguish these. We propose the optimal
filter in the MixeD in the sense of least mean square error. First of all,
we apply 2-D spatial Fourier to dynamic images, and at each point in 2-D
frequency domain, designed FIR filtering is applied to 1-D time signal.
In designing the optimal filter, we use the following information to decide
the characteristics of the optimal filter: (1) the number of finite frames
of input images; (2) the velocity vector of the signal desired; and (3)
the power spectrum of the noise signal. Signals constructed by these information
are applied for the evaluation function and it decides filter coefficients.
After filtering, 2-D inverse Fourier transform is applied to obtain the
extracted image.
Singh, S.; M. Markou; J. Haddon, (2000). FLIR image segmentation
and natural object classification. Proceedings 15th International Conference
on Pattern Recognition. ICPR-2000 Proceedings of 15th International Conference
on Pattern Recognition Barcelona, Spain 3-7 Sept. 2000
Los Alamitos, CA, USA IEEE Comput. Soc, pp.681-4 vol.1.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Hermitian matrices; Image classification;
Image segmentation; Image sequences; Image texture; Infrared imaging; Object
recognition; Remote sensing; Video signal processing; FLIR image segmentation;
Natural object classification; Texture data; Linear discriminant analysis;
Mean classifier; K-nearest neighbour methods; Hermite functions; Texture
feature extraction; Segmented regions; Video sequence; Unnormalised data;
Normalised data; Nonnormalised data; Forward-looking infrared images ;
IR images
Original abstract: In this paper we compare four classification techniques
for classifying texture data of various natural objects found in forward-looking
infrared (FLIR) images. The techniques compared include linear discriminant
analysis, mean classifier and two different models of k-nearest neighbour
methods. Hermite functions are used for texture feature extraction from
segmented regions of interest in natural scenes taken as a video sequence.
A total of 2680 samples for a total of twelve different classes are used
for object recognition. The results on correctly identifying twelve natural
objects in scenes are compared across the four classifiers on both unnormalised
and normalised data. On unnormalised data, the average best recognition
rate obtained using a ten fold cross-validation is 96.5%, and on unnormalised
data it is 86.1% with a single nearest neighbour technique.
Skriver, H.; J. Schon; W. Dierking, (2000). Land-cover mapping using
multitemporal, dual-frequency polarimetric SAR data. IGARSS 2000. IEEE
2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the
Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment.
Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.331-3 vol.1.
Keywords: Geophysical techniques; Radar polarimetry; Remote sensing
by radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Terrain mapping; Topography (Earth);
Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Topography; Radar remote
sensing; Land-cover mapping; Dual-frequency; sar; Multitemporal radar;
Danish Center for Remote Sensing; Danish mapping agency; Topographic mapping;
emisar; L-band; C-band; Cartography; Agricultural site; Denmark; Crop type;
Forest; Wetland; Urban area; Wishart distributed covariance matrix ; Vegetation
mapping
Original abstract: The Danish Center for Remote Sensing (DCRS) is,
in collaboration with the Danish mapping agency, conducting a study on
topographic mapping using SAR data, and land cover mapping results are
presented. The Danish EMISAR system (an L- and C-band, fully polarimetric,
airborne SAR) have in 1994 to 1999 during the growing season acquired a
lot of data over a Danish agricultural site. The data acquisitions were
co-ordinated with ground surveys to obtain a detailed land cover map. The
test area contains a large number of different land cover classes, such
as more than 10 different crop types, deciduous and coniferous forest types,
wetlands, lakes, and urban areas. The data are used to study the classification
potential of polarimetric SAR data using the Wishart distributed covariance
matrix.
Skrlec, D.; S. Krajcar; B. Pribicevic; S. Blagajac, (1996). Optimal
routing by genetic algorithms. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International
Conference Applied Informatics Proceedings of IASTED International Conference
on Applied Informatics Innsbruck, Austria 20-22 Feb. 1996
Anaheim, CA, USA IASTED-ACTA Press, pp.23-6.
Keywords: Distribution networks; Genetic algorithms; Geographic
information systems; Graph theory; Minimisation; Network routing; Transportation;
Travelling salesman problems; Optimal routing; Combinatorial mathematics;
Network structure; Constraints; Variables; Single-depot capacited vehicle
routing problem; Multi-depot capacited vehicle routing problem; Electric
distribution network optimization ; Geographic information system
Original abstract: How can we best route energy, materials, or even
people from one place to another as efficiently as possible? The problems
encountered in answering this question often have a combinatorial character,
and they also typically have an underlying network structure with a large
number of constraints and variables. In this context, we study the applicability
of genetic algorithms to solve the single- and multi-depot capacited vehicle
routing problems. These problems are applied to electric distribution network
optimization with a geographic information system as a natural platform
used for a routing system.
Skrlec, D.; S. Krajcar; Z. Zmijarevic, (1998). GIS on the World-Wide
Web-CARNet example. Proceedings of the 16th IASTED International Conference.
Applied Informatics Proceedings of 16th IASTED International Conference
on Applied Informatics Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany 23-25 Feb. 1998
Anaheim, CA, USA IASTED/ACTA Press, pp.92-4.
Keywords: Data analysis; Geographic information systems; Information
resources; gis; World-Wide Web; CARNet; Software tools; Information storage;
Information manipulation; cad; Digital cartography software; Data management;
Browsing; User interface; Computer network; Interactive maps; Croatian
Academic and Research Network; WebGIS project ; Web site
Original abstract: A lot of crucial information, especially in communication
and computer networks, utilities or transportation networks is geographically
referenced. A GIS is a set of software tools used to input, store, manipulate,
analyze and display geographical information. This is a technical definition,
which may emphasize the historical development of GIS into a combination
of CAD and digital cartography software with integrated database capabilities.
A majority of tasks in GIS are data analysis and management-oriented decisions
for purposes such as planning, report producing, data visualization, and
maintenance. Therefore users want a GIS that enables browsing and analysis
of data through a computer network using a uniform user interface. The
World-Wide Web is a promising new media for cartography, it allows the
creation of interactive maps that can be accessed by the general public.
This paper describes the results of the CARNet (Croatian Academic and Research
Network) WebGIS project. The goal of this ongoing project is to determine
the possibilities of GIS on the Web, review state-of-the-art products and
establish a GIS-oriented Web site.
Smith, S. G. (1996). Goin' mobile. Odessa's road to GIS-based pavement
management. GIS World, 9, (9): 46-8.
Keywords: Cartography; Civil engineering computing; Geographic information
systems; Image processing; Public administration; Transportation; TX Odessa,
USA; TX Midland, USA; Texas Department of Transportation; GIS software;
Digital video imaging; Mandli Communications; esri; Pavement management
information system; Inhouse database; District office; Roadway management;
Maps ; GIS analytical projects
Original Abstract: The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT),
charged with maintaining quality, continually tests innovative and often
technology-driven ideas. The agency's latest effort involves piloting one
of the nation's most sophisticated GIS-based pavement management systems.
The system incorporates digital video imaging from Mandli Communications
and GIS software from ESRI with an in-house pavement management information
system (PMIS) database. Pioneering the effort is the Odessa District, one
of 25 TxDOT district offices. Odessa manages about 3,300 centerline miles
of roadway in 12 counties throughout the predominantly rural West Texas
area, including the twin cities of Midland and Odessa. Although it's still
early in the GIS implementation process, early success has helped the agency
demonstrate the technology's potential-starting with improved capabilities
to create simple maps and working up to full-scale GIS analytical projects.
Smits, P. C., (2001). Combining supervised remote sensing image classifiers
based on individual class performances. Multiple Classifier Systems.
Second International Workshop, MCS 2001. Proceedings (Lecture Notes in
Computer Science Vol.2096) Multiple Classifier Systems. Second International
Workshop, MCS 2001. Proceedings Cambridge, UK 2-4 July 2001
Berlin, Germany Springer-Verlag, pp.269-78.
Keywords: Belief networks; Cooperative systems; Geophysical signal
processing; Image classification; Learning (artificial intelligence); Probability;
Remote sensing; Software performance evaluation; Supervised remote sensing
image classifier combination; Individual class performance; Multiple classifier
systems; Dynamic classifier selection; Implementation strategies; Majority
voting ; Unknown classifier-dependent posterior distributions
Original abstract: This article focuses on the use of multiple classifier
systems (MCSs) based on dynamic classifier selection. Four implementation
strategies of MCSs are compared: majority voting, belief networks, and
two designs based on dynamic classifier selection. Experimental results
indicate that the direction taken by K. Woods et al. (1997) is the best
alternative for remote sensing applications for which the classifier-dependent
posterior distributions are unknown.
Smits, P. C.; A. Annoni, (2000). Cost-based feature selection for
GIS-embedded data fusion. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience
and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role
of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120)
IGARSS 2000. Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2614-16 vol.6.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical
techniques; Image processing; Remote sensing; Sensor fusion; Terrain mapping;
Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Cost-based feature selection;
GIS-embedded; Data fusion; Feature subset selection; Interactive verification;
Land-cover map; Feature vector ; Object oriented image analysis
Original abstract: A powerful way of using existing information has
been presented by Smits and Annoni (1999), who focus on a cost-based feature
subset selection in the framework of the (interactive) verification and
updating of land-cover maps with imagery from different space-borne sensors.
Each feature comes with its own cost, and the user specifies a "budget"
which the final feature vector may not exceed. As feature subset selection
constitutes an important aspect of data fusion in general, this paper exploits
further the concept of cost-based feature selection. The novelty is that
the feature subset selection itself is also subject to a (computation)
cost.
Smits, P. C.; A. Annoni (2000). Toward specification-driven change
detection. Ieee Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,
V38, (N3): 1484-1488.
Keywords: specification-driven change detection , misclassification
probabilities, high resolution panchromatic spaceborne images
Original Abstract: A change-detection methodology based on explicit
user requirements in terms of example imagery and false alarm and misclassification
probabilities is discussed and applied. A distance measure between texture
features is defined, and its ability is illustrated to measure changes
in urban areas in high resolution, panchromatic, spaceborne images.
Smits, P. C.; A. Annoni, (1998). On the use of texture information
for urban analysis in space-borne remote-sensing imagery. Image and
Signal Processing for Remote Sensing IV Barcelona, Spain 21-23 Sept. 1998
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.250-60.
Keywords: Image recognition; Image resolution; Image texture; Matrix
algebra; Remote sensing; Texture information; Urban analysis; Space-borne
remote-sensing imagery; Pattern recognition; Urban areas; Rural areas;
High resolution panchromatic space-borne imagery; Stable features; Urban
pressure; Homogeneity; Contrast features; Gray level co-occurrence matrix
; SPOT panchromatic data
Original abstract: This article addresses the application of pattern
recognition techniques for the analysis of urban and rural areas based
on high resolution panchromatic space-borne imagery. In particular, we
focus on the problem of finding stable features that allow one to distinguish
between urban, industry, and vegetation, categories that are important
for understanding the urban pressure on rural areas. The novelty of the
paper is the detailed and thorough analysis of the usability of more than
30 texture features in this type of analysis. It is concluded that for
the application and the data at hand the homogeneity and contrast features
derived from the gray level co-occurrence matrix are the most successful
for SPOT panchromatic data.
Smits, P. C.; S. G. Dellepiane; A. Anmoni; D. Ehrlich, (1998). Multi-temporal
analysis of urban areas using textural information in space-borne imagery.
IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International
Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174)
Seattle, WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.2580-2 vol.5.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques;
Image classification; Image sequences; Image texture; Remote sensing; Terrain
mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land use; Land surface; Multitemporal
analysis; Urban area; Textural information; Spaceborne imagery; High level
object; Temporal morphological analysis; Spaceborne imaging; Urban category
; CORINE land cover nomenclature
Original abstract: High level "objects" are proposed as instruments
for the temporal morphological analysis of urban zones using spaceborne
imaging sensors. These objects, that correspond to the various urban categories
as defined in the CORINE land cover nomenclature, are defined as texture
appearances of low-level image classes derived from imagery with a low
spectral content and a relatively high resolution. In order to describe
the texture appearances of the low-level classes, co-occurrence matrices
are utilised. For the feature selection and successive model definition
a typical pattern recognition methodology is followed, aiming at finding
a robust set of features that allows successful identification of the categories
of interest. Preliminary experimental results indicate the usefulness of
the direction taken.
Soergel, U.; K. Schulz; U. Thoennessen, (2000). Enhancement of interferometric
SAR data using segmented intensity information in urban areas. IGARSS
2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.
Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing
the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28
July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.3216-18 vol.7.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques;
Image segmentation; Radar imaging; Remote sensing by radar; Synthetic aperture
radar; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface;
Land use; Radar remote sensing; InSAR; sar; Interferometric SAR; Segmented
intensity information; Urban area; Town; City; Height; Irregular height
jump; Man-made object; Speckle filtering; Shadow area; Frankfurt; Main
; Germany
Original abstract: In the InSAR process the height information of the
scene is derived from the phase data, which suffers from noise especially
in case of low coherence. As a consequence, irregular height jumps occur
even inside flat objects. This paper refers to investigations which stabilize
and improve the InSAR height data in scenes containing man-made objects,
e.g. to generate models of urban areas. After speckle filtering, a segmentation
of the intensity data is carried out. With these segments the height data
are masked and an average height is calculated with the related intensity
values as weights. The results are refined incorporating detected shadow
areas. A test site including the airport of Frankfurt (Main) was chosen.
For the visualization purpose, the smoothed height data is represented
in a depth map. The results are compared to a vector map and a 3D-model
of the scene.
Soo Chin, L.; L. Hock; K. Leong Keong; T. Geok Kee, (1995). Texture
analysis of SAR images. 1995 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Symposium, IGARSS '95. Quantitative Remote Sensing for Science and Applications
(Cat. No.95CH35770) Firenze, Italy 10-14 July 1995
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.1412-14 vol.2.
Keywords: Forestry; Fractals; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical
techniques; Image texture; Radar imaging; Remote sensing by radar; Synthetic
aperture radar; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Terrain
mapping; Vegetation mapping; Forest forestry; Radar remote sensing; SAR
imaging; Image texture analysis; SAR image; Grey level co-occurrence matrix;
glcm; Fractal dimension; Built-up area; Urban area; Swamp ; Wetland
Original abstract: Texture features derived from the grey level co-occurrence
matrix (GLCM) and the fractal dimension were evaluated for a SAR image.
The local values of the texture features for every pixel in the image were
evaluated in a small (16 by 16 pixels) window around each pixel. The features
derived from the GLCM were able to discriminate between the built-up areas,
forest and swamps. The fractal dimension was only able to distinguish the
built-up area from the natural areas.
Southworth, F.; B. E. Peterson (2000). Intermodal and international
freight network modeling. Transportation Research Part C (Emerging
Technologies), 8C, (1-6): 147-66.
Keywords: Computational complexity; Geographic information systems;
Goods distribution; Transportation; Intermodal freight network modeling;
International freight network modeling; Multimodal freight transportation
network; Transcontinental freight transportation network; Freight shipments;
Truck transportation; Rail transportation; Water transportation; gis; Computationally
efficient routing; Intermodal terminal transfers; Inter-carrier interlining
practices ; Multimodal impedance functions
Original Abstract: The authors describe the development and application
of a single, integrated digital representation of a multimodal and transcontinental
freight transportation network. The network was constructed to support
the simulation of some five million origin-to-destination freight shipments
reported as part of the 1997 United States Commodity Flow Survey. The paper
focuses on the routing of the tens of thousands of intermodal freight movements
reported in this survey. Routings involve different combinations of truck,
rail and water transportation. Geographic information systems (GIS) technology
was invaluable in the cost-effective construction and maintenance of this
network and in the subsequent validation of mode sequences and route selections,
However, computationally efficient routing of intermodal freight shipments
was found to be most efficiently accomplished outside the GIS. Selection
of appropriate intermodal routes required procedures for linking freight
origins and destinations to the transportation network, procedures for
modeling intermodal terminal transfers and inter-carrier interlining practices,
and a procedure for generating multimodal impedance functions to reflect
the relative costs of alternative, survey-reported mode sequences.
Sowmya, A.; J. Trinder (2000). Modelling and representation issues
in automated feature extraction from aerial and satellite images. Isprs
Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, V55, (N1): 34-47.
Keywords: automatic feature extraction
Synopsis: This is a review paper describing the most recent methods
of automated image extraction. Examples are given of image extraction applications
in computer vision research ("the enterprise of automating and integrating
a wide range of processes and representations used for visual perception
by constructing explicit, meaningful descriptions of objects from images,
using a variety of approaches and techniques including digital image processing,
pattern recognition, geometric modeling and cognitive processing")
Sowter, A., (1997). Satellite synthetic aperture radar data-capability
and prospects. IEE Colloquium on Satellite Systems for European Markets
- Looking to the Next Millennium (Ref. No.1997/024) London, UK 23 Jan.
1997
London, UK IEE, pp.5/1-4.
Keywords: Agriculture; Forestry; Geophysical prospecting; Remote
sensing by radar; Spaceborne radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Satellite
synthetic aperture radar data; Earth's surface; ERS satellites; European
Space Agency; Economic benefit; Mapping; Monitoring; Land features; Oil
exploration; Gas exploration ; Urban mapping
Original abstract: Satellite-based radar systems have been collecting
data of the Earth's surface for some time. Prominent in this area are the
ERS series of satellites, operated by the European Space Agency (ESA),
which have been imaging the world for over five years. Within this period,
many potential applications of the data have been found but the full economic
benefits of the sensor are still being realised. This paper explores a
number of applications, with a particular focus on the mapping and monitoring
of land features, where satellite radar systems have a future, both in
terms of offering a unique source of information and a back-up where other,
more appropriate, sources of data are available. In particular the author
discusses agriculture, forestry, oil and gas exploration, urban mapping
and development.
Spagnolini, U.; V. Rampa (1999). Multitarget detection/tracking for
monostatic ground penetrating radar: application to pavement profiling.
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 37, (1,
pt.2): 383-94.
Keywords: Buried object detection; Geophysical techniques; Radar
applications; Remote sensing by radar; Geophysical measurement technique;
Radar remote sensing; Road; Multitarget detection; Tracking; Monostatic
radar; Ground penetrating radar; Pavement profiling; gpr; Highway; Layer
thickness; Asphalt; Concrete; Inverse scattering; Maximum a posteriori
; Minimum mean square error criterion
Original Abstract: Monostatic ground penetrating radar (GPR) has proven
to be a useful technique in pavement profiling. In road and highway pavements,
layer thickness and permittivity of asphalt and concrete can be estimated
by using an inverse scattering approach. Layer-stripping inversion refers
to the iterative estimation of layer properties from amplitude and time
of delay (TOD) of echoes after their detection. This method is attractive
for real-time implementation, in that accuracy is improved by reducing
false alarms. To make layer stripping useful, a multitarget detection/tracking
(D/T) algorithm is proposed. It exploits the lateral continuity of echoes
arising from a multilayered medium. Interface D/T means that both detection
and tracking are employed simultaneously (not sequentially). For each scan,
both detection of the target and tracking of the corresponding TOD of the
backscattered echoes are based on the evaluated a posteriori probability
density. The TOD is then estimated by using the maximum a posteriori (MAP)
or the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion. The statistical properties
of a scan are related to those of the neighboring ones by assuming, for
the interface, a first-order Markov model.
Spencer, C. H., (1996). Integration of remote sensing and GIS for
urban storm water management: a report on work in progress for the City
of Scottsdale's local applications program. GIS/LIS'96 Annual Conference
and Exposition Proceedings Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems/Land
Information Systems Denver, CO, USA 19-21 Nov. 1996 Bethesda, MD, USA American
Society for Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, pp.446.
Keywords: Civil engineering computing; Environmental science computing;
Geographic information systems; Hydrology; Remote sensing; Town and country
planning; gis; Urban storm water management; nasa; Urban problems; Financial
impact; Hydrologic application; Environmental application; HEC-I hydrology
model; Land use; Plant ground cover ; Classification
Original abstract: Summary form only given. The City of Scottsdale,
in collaboration with Arizona State University, Tempe, (ASU) solicited
and received a grant from NASA to apply remote sensing to urban problems.
Two applications with potential for significant financial impact to the
city, hydrologic and environmental, were identified during the initial
first-year proof-of-concept phase. For storm water modeling, several parameters
are required as input to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' HEC-I hydrology
model. The parameters most amenable to extraction from multispectral remote
sensing data are the land use types and percentage of plant ground cover.
An approximately 4.5 Km/sup 2/ area in the south part of Scottsdale has
been chosen for study. The classification results with the TM and SPOT
data were highly variable. The choice of classification approach and analyst
doing the work were the two significant variables leading to the diverse
results.
Stallings, M., (2000). Mapping highway performance-a GIS solution.
URISA Proceedings. Papers from the Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional
Information Systems Association. URISA 2000 Annual Conference and Exposition
Proceedings of 37th Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information
Systems Association Orlando, FL, USA 19-23 Aug. 2000
Park Ridge, IL, USA Urban & Regional Inf. Syst. Assoc, pp.580-3.
Keywords: Cartography; Geographic information systems; Town and
country planning; Traffic engineering computing; Visual databases; gis;
Florida Department of Transportation; Planning tools; Highway performance
mapping; Spreadsheets; Quality assurance; fdot; Roadway system; Highway
Performance Monitoring System; ArcInfo ; Federal Highway Administration
Original abstract: The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT)
is required to develop planning tools to manage highway performance for
each of its districts. The District Transportation Statistics managers
are required to assess changes and improvements in highway performance.
Previously, this was accomplished through a series of spreadsheets and
hand-drawn maps. Without a way of linking the two output formats, a consistent
and accurate way to cross-check the data or provide quality assurance from
year to year was not available. By utilizing existing data from FDOT and
other state sources, maps depicting the roadway system, base features,
and the Highway Performance Monitoring System events were mapped in ArcInfo.
The final maps that were necessary to secure district funding from the
Federal Highway Administration (FHA) were generated through a series of
programs eliminated the need to duplicate efforts from year to year.
Stassopoulou, A.; T. Caelli (2000). Building detection using Bayesian
networks. International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial
Intelligence, 14, (6): 715-33.
Keywords: Belief networks; Case-based reasoning; Feature extraction;
Image classification; Image segmentation; Learning (artificial intelligence);
Object detection; Photography; Remote sensing; Uncertainty handling; Building
detection; Bayesian networks; Digital orthophotographs; Probabilistic reasoning
methods; Evidence combination; Training; Evidence weighting; Classification
maximization; Expert performance; Network value configuration; Feature
extraction preprocessing units; Human behavior; DC Washington, USA; Corner
detection; Machine learning ; Adaptive multiscale segmentation
Original Abstract: Explores the uses of Bayesian networks for detecting
buildings from digital orthophotos. This work differs from current research
in building detection in so far as it utilizes the ability of Bayesian
networks to provide probabilistic methods for evidence combination and,
via training, to determine how such evidence should be weighted to maximize
classification. In this vein, then, we have also utilized expert performance
to not only configure the network values but also to adapt the feature
extraction pre-processing units to fit human behavior as closely as possible.
Results from digital orthophotos of the Washington DC area prove that such
an approach is feasible, robust and worth further analysis.
Stokes, R. W.; G. Marucci (1995). Gis for Transportation - Current
Practices, Problems and Prospects. Ite Journal-Institute of Transportation
Engineers, V65, (N3): 28+.
Keywords:
Streilein, W.; A. Waxman; W. Ross; L. Fang; M. Braun; D. Fay; P. Harmon;
C. H. Read, (2000). Fused multi-sensor image mining for feature foundation
data. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Information
Fusion (Cat. No.00EX438) Proceedings of the Third International Conference
on Information Fusion Paris, France 10-13 July 2000
Sunnyvale, CA, USA Int. Soc. Inf. Fusion, pp.TUC3/18-25 vol.1.
Keywords: ART neural nets; Client-server systems; Data mining; Data
visualisation; Feature extraction; Fuzzy neural nets; Image recognition;
Remote sensing; Sensor fusion; User interfaces; Fused multi-sensor image
mining; Feature foundation data; Interactive data mining; Client/server-based
tools; Site Mining Tool; Image Map Interface; Image analysis; Trainable
search agents; Search results; Image annotations; Computer network; Fuzzy
ARTMAP neural network; Confidence measures; Detected search targets; Input
vector critical feature selection; Electrooptical data; IR data; SAR data;
Synthetic aperture radar; Landsat imagery; Radarsat imagery; Multispectral
data sets; Hyperspectral data sets; Image enhancement architecture; Internal
category activity maps; 3D target visualization; Color-fused imagery; Target
recognition; Collaborative exploitation ; Pattern recognition
Original abstract: Presents work on methods and user interfaces developed
for interactive mining for feature foundation data (e.g. roads, rivers,
orchards, forests) in fused multi-sensor imagery. A suite of client/server-based
tools, including the Site Mining Tool and Image Map Interface, enable image
analysts (IAs) to mine multi-sensor imagery for feature foundation data
and to share trainable search agents, search results and image annotations
with other IAs connected via a computer network. We discuss extensions
to the fuzzy ARTMAP neural network which enable the Site Mining Tool to
report confidence measures for detected search targets and to automatically
select the critical features in the input vector which are most relevant
for particular searches. Examples of the use of the Site Mining Tool and
Image Map Interface are shown for an electo-optical (EO), IR and SAR data
set derived from Landsat and Radarsat imagery, as well as multispectral
(4-band) and hyperspectral (224-band) data sets. In addition, we present
an architecture for the enhancement of hyperspectral fused imagery that
utilizes internal category activity maps of a trained fuzzy ARTMAP network
to enhance the visualization of targets in the color-fused imagery.
Stroobants, W.; P. Dubois, (1998). Extraction of land cover information
in tropical area for cartographic application using Radarsat imagery.
IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International
Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174)
Seattle, WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.2526-8 vol.5.
Keywords: Cartography; Geophysical techniques; Remote sensing by
radar; Spaceborne radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Terrain mapping; Geophysical
measurement technique; Land surface; Map making; Radar remote sensing;
Land cover information extraction; Tropical area; Radarsat imagery; Radar
imaging; Satellite radar image; sar; Incidence angle; Landscape unit discrimination;
Scattering mechanism; Urban area ; Land use
Original abstract: A previous study has demonstrated the lack of up-to-date
maps at the small and medium scales in tropical countries. Satellite radar
imagery, because of relative insensitivity to weather conditions is an
attractive source of information in these regions, characterized by an
almost permanent cloud cover. This paper explores the cartographic application
of Radarsat SAR imagery over tropical areas. Different Radarsat beam modes
images are analysed with respect to their potential in providing pertinent
information for cartography, in particular, different incidence angles
(S1, S4 and S7) and different resolutions (F5, S7). The results show that
the landscape unit discrimination can be improved by a combination of several
angles reflecting the difference in scattering mechanisms: for example,
the volume scattering will decrease more slowly than the surface scattering
for increasing incidence angle. The urban area detection is enhanced with
higher incidence angle resulting from an improved contrast with surrounding
areas. Finally, as expected, the higher resolution allows a better analysis
of the human made structures. Both the fine beam mode and the multi-incidence
analysis of the standard beam mode allow an update of the 1/50000 maps.
Strozzi, T.; U. Wegmuller, (1999). Land subsidence in Mexico City
mapped by ERS differential SAR interferometry. IEEE 1999 International
Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293)
Hamburg, Germany 28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, v.vol.4, pp.1940-2.
Keywords: ERS Differential SAR interferometry Subsidence, InSAR
Original abstract: Land subsidence is a severe problem in Mexico City.
The city is built on highly compressible clays and by reason of strong
groundwater extraction a total subsidence of more than nine meters has
been observed over the last century. ERS differential SAR interferometry
was used to map the subsidence of Mexico City between December 1995 and
September 1997. For some areas subsidence velocities of more than 30 cm
per year with strong spatial gradients of the vertical movements were identified.
This remote sensing technique, unique for spatial coverage and resolution,
can give significant information for a rational management of the aquifer
system, for the planning of new structures and for actions to preserve
damaged buildings.
Strozzi, T.; U. Wegmuller, (1998). Delimitation of urban areas with
SAR interferometry. IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment.
1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings.
(Cat. No.98CH36174) Seattle, WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.1632-4 vol.3.
Keywords: Radiowave interferometry; Remote sensing by radar; Synthetic
aperture radar; Urban area delimitation; SAR interferometry; Identification;
Classification methods; ERS-1/2 image pairs; Switzerland; Classification
algorithms; Backscatter intensities; Interferometric image pair; Backscatter
image texture; ERS data; Urban maps; Digital land use map ; Swiss Federal
Statistical Institute
Original abstract: Addresses the problem of the identification and
delimitation of urban areas with SAR interferometry. Three different classification
methods are investigated and applied to ERS-1/2 pairs over a part of Switzerland.
The classification algorithms are based on the degree of coherence, the
two backscatter intensities of the interferometric pair, and the texture
of one backscatter image. ERS data acquired with different time intervals,
baselines, and meteorological conditions are considered. The resulting
urban maps are transformed into orthonormal coordinates and validated with
the digital land use map of the Swiss Federal Statistical Institute.
Strozzi, T.; U. Wegmuller; C. Werner; A. Wiesmann, (2000). Measurement
of slow uniform surface displacement with mm/year accuracy. IGARSS
2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.
Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing
the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28
July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, v. vol.5, pp.2239-41.
Keywords: Slow uniform surface displacement InSAR, SAR interferometry
Original abstract: Interferogram stacking, a technique to improve the
relative accuracy of SAR interferometric surface displacement mapping based
on a combination of multiple interferograms, is presented. Its potential
and usefulness is demonstrated with the land subsidence cases of Bologna
and the Euganean Geothermal Basin (Italy). For one of the investigated
cases the potential to map slow uniform surface displacements at mm/year
accuracy is confirmed by the validation with levelling data.
Sugihara, K.; A. Hammad; Y. Hayashi, (2000). GIS based system for
automatic generation of 3-D urban models and its application. URISA
Proceedings. Papers from the Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional
Information Systems Association. URISA 2000 Annual Conference and Exposition
Proceedings of 37th Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information
Systems Association Orlando, FL, USA 19-23 Aug. 2000
Park Ridge, IL, USA Urban & Regional Inf. Syst. Assoc, pp.622-35.
Keywords: Digital simulation; Geographic information systems; Solid
modelling; Town and country planning; GIS based system; Automatic generation;
3D urban models; 3D CG model; Real urban space; Information infrastructure;
Simulator; Landscape evaluation; City planning; Transportation engineering;
Computer graphics; 3D urban model landscape simulation; Zoning system ;
Building regulations
Original abstract: A 3D CG model for real urban space, that is, 3D
Urban Model is an important information infrastructure that can be used
for various purposes, such as: simulator for landscape evaluation, city
planning, transportation engineering. However, in order to realize a 3D
urban model, an enormous amount of time and money have to be consumed to
design the model and to acquire the data for the model. The authors propose
a system to generate a 3D urban model automatically, utilizing and integrating
GIS and CG. We also present the case study of a 3D urban model landscape
simulation by assuming a zoning system and building regulations.
Sui, D. Z.; J. R. Giardino, (1995). Applications of GIS in environmental
equity analysis: a multi-scale and multi-zoning scheme study for the city
of Houston, Texas, USA. GIS/LIS *95 Annual Conference and Exposition
Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems/Land Information Systems
Nashville, TN, USA 14-16 Nov. 1995
Bethesda, MD, USA American Soc. Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing
& American Congress on Surveying & Mapping, pp.950-9 vol.2.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Health hazards; Human
factors; Pollution; Prejudicial factors; gis; Environmental equity analysis;
Multi-scale scheme; Multi-zoning scheme; Houston; Texas; Geographical scales;
arc/info 7.0; SUN Sparc 10; Hazardous waste sites; Toxic Release Inventory
database; Census block group; Census tract; Zip code; Concentric rings;
Sectors; Buffer zones; Major transportation routes; Multivariate statistical
analyses; Surrounding population characteristics ; Hazardous facility distribution
Original abstract: The paper presents a GIS approach to explore how
different geographical scales and zoning schemes affect the results of
environmental equity analysis. The city of Houston served as the study
area. Using ARC/INFO 7.0 running on a SUN Sparc 10, we first re-aggregated
the hazardous waste sites downloaded from U.S. EPA*s Toxic Release Inventory
(TRT) database to three different scales-census block group, census tract,
and zip code. Then, at the census tract level, we re-aggregated the TRI
sites according to three different zoning schemes-concentric rings, sectors,
and buffer zones along major transportation routes. The 1990 census data
were re-aggregated according to these three scales and three zoning schemes.
For each scale and zoning scheme, we conducted multivariate statistical
analyses of TRT sites and the characteristics of the surrounding population.
Our preliminary results indicate that the scale and zoning scheme used
in environment equity analysis can have profound impacts on the conclusions.
Environment equity analysis solely based upon one scale or one set of units
is not reliable to infer the relationship between the distribution of hazardous
facilities and race. Our study further demonstrates that GIS is an immensely
powerful tool for conducting environmental equity analysis at multiple
scales and using multiple zoning schemes simultaneously.
Sun-Gu, S.; P. Hyunwook, (2000). Automatic target recognition using
target boundary information in FLIR images. Proceedings of the IASTED
International Conference. Signal and Image Processing Proceedings of 2000
Conference on Signal and Image Processing Las Vegas, NV, USA 19-23 Nov.
2000
Anaheim, CA, USA IASTED/ACTA Press, pp.405-10.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Image classification; Image segmentation;
Infrared imaging; Military computing; Multilayer perceptrons; Object recognition;
Remote sensing; Automatic target recognition; Target boundary information;
FLIR images; ATR algorithm; Segmentation; Classification; Forward-looking
infrared images; Ground vehicles; Multilayer perceptron ; mlp
Original abstract: A new automatic target recognition (ATR) algorithm
has been developed by using target boundary information, which consists
of segmentation, feature extraction and classification. The developed ATR
algorithm is applied to natural forward-looking infrared (FLIR) images.
The targets of interest are ground vehicles that are placed in the field.
A target is extracted from background using the proposed segmentation algorithm.
Eight features are extracted from the segmented target, such as five Fourier
coefficients, target area, target height, and the ratio of height to width
of a target. The features are used as inputs of a multilayer perceptron
(MLP) used for classification. Experimental results show that the proposed
algorithm provides a good performance for automatic target recognition.
Sutton, J. (1997). Data attribution and network representation issues
in GIS and transportation. Transportation Planning and Technology,
V21, (N1-2): 25-44.
Keywords:
Sutton, J. C.; M. M. Wyman (2000). Dynamic location: an iconic model
to synchronize temporal and spatial transportation data. Transportation
Research Part C (Emerging Technologies), 8C, (1-6): 37-52.
Keywords: Data models; Geographic information systems; Graphical
user interfaces; Object-oriented databases; Query processing; Road traffic;
Transportation; Visual databases; Dynamic location; Iconic model; Temporal/spatial
transportation data synchronization; Spatially referenced transportation
data; Spatial intersect queries; Geographic shapes; Dynamic segmentation
works; gis; Single database field; Precise iconic model; Data decomposition;
Object model; Dynamic location process; Internet; Enterprise environment;
Linear events; Route system; Number lines; Mathematical operations; Cartesian
grid; Linear referencing; Stable geodetic datum; Coincidence shapes; Temporal
version control; Business process perspective; Spatially enabled database;
GIS business functions ; Information technology mainstream
Original Abstract: The paper describes a model to synchronize the management
and query of temporal and spatially referenced transportation data in geographic
information systems (GIS). The model employs a method referred to as dynamic
location, which facilitates spatial intersect queries from geographic shapes
without the use of topological relationships. This is the inverse of how
dynamic segmentation works in GIS. In contrast to dynamic segmentation,
dynamic location stores geometry as an object within a single database
field. This is an efficient, precise iconic model superseding the need
for data decomposition into a complex set of tables. As an object model,
the dynamic location process lends itself to high performance in an Internet,
data-intensive, enterprise environment. Linear events are stored as (x,y)
features, and not referenced to any route system. Route systems are built
from (x, y, m) values (m for measure) and serve as number lines for mathematical
operations. Any (x, y) object can then be referenced to either the Cartesian
grid or any selected number line. This method offers the benefits of linear
referencing, while making full use of a stable geodetic datum. Combinations
of any (x, y) events may be placed over any (x, y, m) number line (route)
and an intersect determined by looking through stacked (x, y, m) vertices
of the coincidence shapes. Since both geometry and shape reside in the
same record, the use of "begin" and "end" dates facilitates full spatial
and temporal version control. From a business process perspective, this
creates a spatially enabled database, pulling GIS business functions back
into the information technology mainstream.
Suzuki, A.; A. Shio; H. Arai; S. Ohtsuka, (2000). Dynamic shadow
compensation of aerial images based on color and spatial analysis.
Proceedings 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition. ICPR-2000
Barcelona, Spain 3-7 Sept. 2000
Los Alamitos, CA, USA IEEE Comput. Soc, pp.317-20 vol.1.
Keywords: Compensation; Geography; Image processing; Remote sensing;
Dynamic shadow compensation; Aerial images; Color analysis; Spatial analysis;
Urban aerial images; Nonshadowed regions; Shadowed regions; Natural tint;
A posteriori probabilities; Color features; Low-frequency component image;
Intensity compensation ; Saturation compensation
Original abstract: This paper describes a method that can improve the
visibility of features in shadowed regions in urban aerial images while
retaining nonshadowed regions and the natural tint of shadowed regions
automatically. The method first calculates the posteriori probabilities
of each pixel belonging to shadowed class or nonshadowed class using color
features from a low-frequency component image, and then compensates the
intensity and saturation of each pixel in shadowed regions according to
the posteriori probabilities. Experimental results indicate the effectiveness
of proposed method.
Sveinsson, J. R.; J. A. Benediktsson, (2000). Data fusion and feature
extraction using tree structured filter banks. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000
International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse
of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment.
Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) IGARSS 2000. Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July
2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2617-19 vol.6.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical
techniques; Image classification; Image processing; Neural nets; Remote
sensing; Sensor fusion; Terrain mapping; Wavelet transforms; Geophysical
measurement technique; Land surface; Data fusion; Tree structured filter
bank; Neural network; Neural net; Wavelet; Translation-invariant wavelet
transformation; Wavelet transform ; Scale-frequency domain
Original abstract: Three feature extraction methods are considered
for neural network classifiers. The first two feature extraction methods
are based on the wavelet and the translation-invariant wavelet transformations.
The feature extraction is in these cases based on the fact that the wavelet
transformation transforms a signal from the time domain to the scale-frequency
domain and is computed at levels with different time/scale-frequency resolution.
The third feature extraction method is based on tree structured multirated
filter banks but the tree structured filter banks can be tailored for multisource
remote sensing and geographic data. In experiments, the proposed feature
extraction methods performed well in neural networks classifications of
multisource remote sensing and geographic data.
Szymanski, J. J.; P. C. Blain; J. J. Bloch; C. M. Brislawn; S. P. Brumby;
M. M. Cafferty; M. E. Dunham; J. R. Frigo; M. Gokhale; N. R. Harvey; G.
Kenyon; W. Kim; J. Layne; D. D. Lavenier; K. P. McCabe; M. Mitchell; K.
R. Moore; S. J. Perkins; R. B. Porter; S. Robinson; A. Salazar; J. Theiler;
A. Young, (2000). Advanced processing for high-bandwidth sensor systems.
Imaging Spectrometry VI San Diego, CA, USA 31 July-2 Aug. 2000
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.83-90.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Field programmable gate arrays; Genetic
algorithms; Geophysical signal processing; Image classification; Infrared
imaging; Reconfigurable architectures; Remote sensing; High-bandwidth sensor
systems; Advanced image processing; Hyperspectral sensor data; Multispectral
sensor data; Reconfigurable computing technology; Feature extraction techniques
; High-gate-density FPGA
Original abstract: The goal of the Deployable Adaptive Processing Systems
(DAPS) project is to develop advanced processing hardware and algorithms
for high-bandwidth sensor applications. The project has produced electronics
for processing multi-and hyper-spectral sensor data, as well as LIDAR data,
while employing processing elements using a variety of technologies. The
project team is currently working on reconfigurable computing technology
and advanced feature extraction techniques, with an emphasis on their application
to image and RF signal processing. This paper presents reconfigurable computing
technology and advanced feature extraction algorithm work and their application
to multi- and hyperspectral image processing. Related projects on genetic
algorithms as applied to image processing are introduced, as is the collaboration
between the DAPS project and the DARPA Adaptive Computing Systems program.
Takayanag, Y.; H. Ohnishi; T. Nakatsukasa; T. Negishi (1998). Applicability
system of map platform. Matsushita Technical Journal, 44,
(3): 42-9.
Keywords: Automated highways; Geographic information systems; Road
traffic; Geographic information system; gis; Intelligent transport systems;
Map platform; Windows OS; Map display; Optimum route calculation; Map basic
functions; Multifunctional high-performance GIS; Desk-top computers; In-vehicle
information systems; Portable terminals; Road management; Traffic control
; Transportation
Original Abstract: GIS (geographic information system) using map data
plays an important role in various fields of ITS (intelligent transport
systems). The map platform has been developed, on Windows OS, which performs
basic functions concerning map data, such as map display and optimum route
calculation. As a result, various systems can commonly possess the map
basic functions, contributing to efficient development of each system.
Furthermore, this map platform using map data characteristics makes possible
realization of multifunctional high-performance GIS. The map platform is
being applied not only to desk-top computers but also to in-vehicle information
systems and portable terminals in various fields, such as road management,
traffic control and transportation. Thus, new application fields of GIS
are being created.
Takeuchi, S.; Y. Suga; C. Yonezawa; A. J. Chen, (2000). Detection
of urban disaster using InSAR. A case study for the 1999 Great Taiwan Earthquake.
IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.
Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing
the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28
July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.339-41 vol.1.
Keywords: Disasters; Earthquakes; Geophysical techniques; Radar
imaging; Remote sensing by radar; Spaceborne radar; Synthetic aperture
radar; Earthquake; Damage; Geophysical mesurement technique; Urban area;
Radar remote sensing; Urban disaster; InSAR; sar; Great Taiwan earthquake;
Chi-Chi earthquake; ad 1999 09 21; Interferometric SAR; Terrain mapping;
Multi-look intensity image; Dongshi; Coherence ; Taichung
Original abstract: The authors studied the applicability of interferometric
SAR (InSAR) using ERS-2 SAR data for detecting damaged urban areas by the
Great Taiwan Earthquake (Chi-Chi Earthquake) occurred on Sep. 21, 1999.
Three temporal ERS-2 SAR data acquired by Taiwan ground station on Jan.
21, May 6, and Sep. 23, in 1999 were used as the test data. By overlaying
two SAR multi-look intensity images before (May 6) and after (Sep. 23)
the earthquake, it was found that the damaged urban areas by the earthquake
were hardly detected only by the intensity change. On the other hand, the
overlay of the two coherence images from the pairs (Jan.-May) and (May-Sep.)
indicated that the urban areas damaged severely (e.g. Dongshi) resulted
in clear decrease of coherence by the earthquake occurrence, while the
coherence in the urban areas not damaged severely (e.g. Taichung) did not
change even after the earthquake. The result of this study suggests that
InSAR technology has a great potential for detecting urban disasters by
earthquake.
Takeuchi, S.; C. Yonezawa; Y. Suga, (1998). Extraction of land cover
information using JERS-1/SAR interferometry. EUSAR'98. European Conference
on Synthetic Aperture Radar Proceedings of EURSAR '98: Friedrichshafen,
Germany 25-27 May 1998
Berlin, Germany VDE VERLAG GMBH, pp.503-6.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Image classification; Radar imaging;
Radiowave interferometry; Remote sensing by radar; Spaceborne radar; Synthetic
aperture radar; Land cover information extraction; JERS-1/SAR interferometry;
Interferometric SAR; InSAR techniques; Mount Fuji; Hiroshima-City; Tokyo-Metropolis;
Japan; Forest types; Coherence information; L-band SAR; Urban land; Land
cover types ; Spaceborne SAR
Original abstract: The authors investigated the possibility for extracting
land cover information using interferometric SAR (InSAR) techniques by
JERS-1/SAR. The test sites were Mount Fuji, Hiroshima-City and Tokyo-Metropolis
in Japan. At Mount Fuji, the possibility for the discrimination of different
forest types was investigated. The results suggested that the coherence
information from L-band SAR can be used for the discrimination of different
forest types. At Hiroshima-City and Tokyo-Metropolis, the accuracy for
the classification of of urban land or forest, the bare land or grass and
the water was evaluated in both test sites and it was found that the combination
of intensity and coherence brings a fairly high score for the discrimination
of the urban from other land cover types. These experimental studies suggest
that the coherence information obtained from JERS-1/SAR interferometry
can be used to improve the performance of SAR data for the extraction of
land cover information.
Tan Hwee, P.; U. Ramanathan, (2000). Intelligent selection of useful
features for optimal feature-based classification. IGARSS 2000. IEEE
2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the
Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment.
Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) IGARSS 2000. Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July
2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.3012-14 vol.7.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Feature extraction; Geophysical
signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Geophysics computing; Image
classification; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement
technique; Land surface; Military vehicle; Intelligent selection; Useful
feature; Optimal feature-based classification; Feature-based classification;
Target class; Reference feature vector; Intelligent features selection
method; Minimum intra-class variance; Inter-class variance; Tank; apc ;
Truck
Original abstract: In feature-based classification, each target class
is characterised by a reference feature vector that comprises a combination
of physical and statistical attributes. Different combinations of features
are useful to distinguish amongst different target classes. In this study,
an intelligent features selection method is proposed which selects features
with minimum intra-class variance/inter-class variance. Classification
results obtained with MSTAR data for tanks, APCs and trucks have shown
a significant improvement in classification performance over using all
measured features.
Tanaka, S.; T. Sugimura (2001). A new frontier of remote sensing
from IKONOS images. International Journal of Remote Sensing,
V22, (N1): 1-5.
Keywords: IKONOS satellite
Tao, L.; S. Oe; H. Murai; K. Inouchi (2001). Mountain areas extraction
by introduction of wavelet transform and its application to ridge lines
detection. Journal of the Institute of Image Electronics Engineers
of Japan, 30, (3): 293-7.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Filtering theory; Object detection;
Radar imaging; Remote sensing by radar; Statistical analysis; Synthetic
aperture radar; Wavelet transforms; Mountain areas extraction; Wavelet
transform; Ridge lines detection; Image analysis; Digital elevation models;
Wavelet-based method; Mountain ridge lines detection; Synthetic aperture
radar images; SAR images; High frequency signals; Average variance; Histogram
analysis; Temporal mountain areas; Laplacian of Gaussian filter; LoG filter
; ERS-1/SAR data
Original Abstract: Ridge lines are useful geometric feature for image
analysis, in which mountain ridge lines are important in obtaining digital
elevation models (DEMs). This paper presents a wavelet-based method to
detect mountain ridge lines for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images.
First, ridge lines of mountains as high frequency signals are emphasized
by the wavelet transform; then average variance judgement and histogram
analysis, which are supplement of the wavelet transform, are used to extract
temporal mountain areas (MA) and final MA respectively; finally, a Laplacian
of Gaussian (LoG) filter is used to detect ridge lines in the final MA.
The method is illustrated by 550*550 ERS-1/SAR data and satisfactory results
are presented.
Tarchi, D.; H. Rudolf; M. Pieraccini; C. Atzeni (2000). Remote monitoring
of buildings using a ground-based SAR: application to cultural heritage
survey. International Journal of Remote Sensing, V21,
(N18): 3545-3551.
Keywords: InSAR , deformation monitoring
Original Abstract: In this Letter, the authors describe an innovative
application of radar interferometric techniques aimed to monitor structural
deformations of buildings. The proposed application is based on the use
of ground-based instrumentation able to operate as Interferometric Synthetic
Aperture Radar (InSAR). Preliminary experimental results on a model of
an historical building encourage the development of this technique for
use in architectural heritage survey.
Taylor, R. G., (1995). Geographic information and school facility
planning. Information Technology in Educational Management Proceedings
International Conference on Information Technology in Educational Management
Jerusalem, Israel July 1994
London, UK Chapman & Hall, pp.153-61.
Keywords: Decision support systems; Educational administrative data
processing; Forecasting theory; Geographic information systems; Mathematical
programming; Planning; Geographic information; School facility planning;
Forecasts; Future-oriented methodologies; Out-of-capacity status; Capital
projects; Nonlinear discrete optimizer; gams 2.25; minos 5 ; Attendance
boundaries
Original abstract: Recent advances in microprocessor technology have
made it possible to find mathematically optimal solutions for school facility
planning. Beginning with accurate forecasts based on historical data (such
as those available through gradient search, cohort survival methodologies),
and supplemented by future-oriented methodologies (such as traditional
land use studies), it is possible to gauge expected future growth in a
school system and to allocate that growth to specific regions. By disaggregating
growth to the building attendance-area level and comparing that disaggregation
to building capacities, the out-of-capacity (OOC) status for each building
for each future year can be determined. By color coding the OOC status
for each building for any one year, a computer-generated map can be used
to examine geographic relationships of OOC problems. Here the most significant
recent advance in technology comes to bear upon the problem, finding the
optimal location for capital projects (new construction, expansion, replacement,
or closing). Using a nonlinear discrete optimizer (such as GAMS 2.25, driving
MINOS 5) the geographic coordinates of new schools can be identified, and
the selection of existing schools for capital projects can be specified,
such that transportation is minimized and all other mathematically specified
school board policies are honored (racial balance, overcrowding, etc.).
Finally, simple binary programming can be used to fix the attendance boundaries
for all new and existing schools, assuming that student locations or addresses
have previously been geocoded.
TexasTransportationInstitute (1998). Non ground-breaking news.
Texas Transportation Researcher, 34, (2).
Keywords: http://tti.tamu.edu/researcher/v34n2/gpr.stm
Theriault, M.; C. Claramunt; P. Y. Villeneuve, (1999). A spatio-temporal
taxonomy for the representation of spatial set behaviours. Spatio-Temporal
Database Management. International Workshop STDBM'99. Proceedings (Lecture
Notes in Computer Science Vol.1678) Spatio-Temporal Database Management.
International Workshop STDBM'99 Proceedings Edinburgh, UK 10-11 Sept. 1999
Berlin, Germany Springer-Verlag, pp.1-18.
Keywords: Data structures; Geographic information systems; Statistical
analysis; Temporal databases; Transportation; Visual databases; Spatio-temporal
taxonomy; Spatial set behaviour representation; Spatio-temporal databases;
Independent entities; Dynamic applications; Spatial entities; Common properties;
Transportation GIS; Activity-event matrix; Entity behaviours; Travel activities;
Transportation network; Disaggregate travel choices behaviour; Joint spatial
distribution; Geographical entities; Travel behaviour; Metropolitan areas;
Entity sets; Statistical indexes; Geographical patterns; Spatiotemporal
database representations ; Spatial pattern evolution
Original abstract: Currently, most models proposed for spatio-temporal
databases describe changes that involve independent entities. However,
many dynamic applications need new models to relate evolution of spatial
entities linked by common properties and constraints or relationships.
In transportation GIS, an activity-event matrix describes individual entity
behaviours, travel activities and routes on a transportation network. On
the other hand, modelling disaggregate travel choices behaviour for several
entities implies the identification of new mechanisms to describe the evolution
of their joint spatial distribution. The paper introduces and describes
the concept of sets of geographical entities needed for the analysis of
travel behaviour in metropolitan areas. We propose a taxonomy for the description
of the evolution of entity sets in space and the selection of appropriate
statistical indexes to analyse their geographical patterns. Such a framework
may become a reference for the development of spatiotemporal database representations
of spatial pattern evolution.
Theriault, M.; D. Leroux; M. H. Vandersmissen, (1998). Modelling
travel route and time within GIS: its use for planning. Simulation
Technology: Science and Art. 10th European Simulation Symposium 1998. ESS'98
Simulation Technology: Science and Art. 10th European Simulation Symposium
1998. ESS'98 Nottingham, UK 26-28 Oct. 1998
San Diego, CA, USA SCS, pp.402-7.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Town and country planning;
Traffic engineering computing; Transportation; Travel route modelling;
gis; Simulation procedure; Optimal routes; Impedance costs; Travel times;
OD survey database; Canadian postal codes; Street blocks; TransCAD GIS
software; Topological road network; Maximal speed; Functional class; Urban
areas; School; Traffic map; Topological errors; Traffic congestion; Mobility
behaviour; Housing markets; Urban studies; Travel patterns; North American
cities; Space-time analysis; Pentium based PC; Transportation agencies
; Small research projects
Original abstract: The paper presents a modelling and simulation procedure
to evaluate optimal routes (minimising impedance costs) and to compute
travel times for each individual trip of an OD survey database. Canadian
postal codes provide accurate locations within street blocks for each trip
beginning and ending points. Using TransCAD GIS software, the procedure
finds the best routes through a topological road network. Each road (link
in the network) is characterised by a maximal speed related to the functional
class of the road, to its location in rural or urban areas, and to the
distance from the nearest school. Turn and transfer penalties govern movements
at the intersections. Moreover, the procedure calculates the number of
persons travelling on every road (network link) to estimate a traffic map
used to detect topological errors in the network and to estimate traffic
congestion. Simulation results are totally disaggregated, making them suitable
to model mobility behaviour of individuals and households. They are key
inputs in procedures for evaluating the impact of transportation on housing
markets (accessibility and traffic noise). Their availability for urban
studies enables comparison of travel patterns among specific groups of
persons. This procedure adds value to costly survey data that are already
available in many North American cities, and enable space-time analysis
of individuals' activities. The entire procedure can be run efficiently
using a Pentium based PC, even with large sample size (more than 100000
trips). Hardware and software implementation costs are low, making the
computation tool available to transportation agencies and small research
projects.
Thill, J. C. (2000). Geographic information systems for transportation
in perspective. Transportation Research Part C-Emerging Technologies,
V8, (N1-6): 3-12.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: The late 1980s saw the first widespread use of Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) in transportation research and management. Due
to the specific requirements of transportation applications and of the
rather late adoption of this information technology in transportation,
research has been directed toward enhancing existing GIS approaches to
enable the full range of capabilities needed in transportation research
and management. This paper places the concept of transportation GIS in
the broader perspective of research in GIS and Geographic Information Science.
The emphasis is placed on the requirements specific of the transportation
domain of application of this emerging information technology as well as
on core research challenges.
Thill, J. C. (2000). Special issue - Geographic information systems
in transportation research - Preface. Transportation Research Part
C-Emerging Technologies, V8, (N1-6): 1.
Keywords:
Thill, J. C. (1995). TransCAD: a transportation GIS software.
URISA Journal, 7, (1): 79-83.
Keywords: cad; Geographic information systems; Software reviews;
Traffic engineering computing; Transportation; Transportation GIS software;
TransCAD; Software package ; Software performance
Original Abstract: Early geographic information systems (GIS) were
developed for the sole purpose of providing computerized tools to store,
retrieve and display geographically referenced information. In spite of
early calls for some analytical capability (Abler 1987; Goodchild 1987),
few systems have so far evolved towards the integration of GIS functionality
and modeling and analytical features. Caliper Corporation's TransCAD product
is a remarkable exception. The article describes the main features of this
software package and assesses its performance.
Thong, C. M.; W. G. Wong (1997). Using GIS to design a traffic information
database for urban transport planning. Computers, Environment and
Urban Systems, 21, (6): 425-43.
Keywords: Computer graphics; Geographic information systems; Multimedia
computing; Town and country planning; Traffic information systems; Visual
databases; Geographical information system; gis; Urban transport planning;
Traffic information database design; South-East Kowloon redevelopment area;
Efficient data input; Efficient data retrieval; Transportation planners;
Network travel demand projection; Network travel demand evaluation; Realistic
simulations; Scenario comparison tools; Network flow change; Database management
process ; Multimedia information
Original Abstract: The aim of the paper is to describe the development
of a prototype geographical information system (GIS) for urban transport
planning in a district of a South-East Kowloon redevelopment area. The
GIS database is developed with consideration of efficient data input and
retrieval process in a way that is most useful to transportation planners
for network travel demand projection and evaluation purposes. The GIS-transportation
(GIS-T) database is designed for (a) realistic simulations of network in
both two-dimensional and three-dimensional forms, (b) manipulating various
types of transport-related information in one consistent database, and
(c) supporting tools for scenario comparison between existing and future
network flow change in a predefined study area. The results show that GIS-T
would refine the database management process and demonstrate the potential
of linking computer graphics and multimedia information in transport planning.
More importantly, both existing and future network-flow performance are
interactively displayed in graphical formats and, therefore, transport
planners can gain a better understanding and insight to assess the performance
of the proposed transportation system.
Torkar, D.; N. Pavesic, (1996). Feature extraction from aerial images
and structural stereo matching. Proceedings of the 13th International
Conference on Pattern Recognition Vienna, Austria 25-29 Aug. 1996
Los Alamitos, CA, USA IEEE Comput. Soc. Press, pp.880-4 vol.3.
Keywords: Edge detection; Feature extraction; Graph theory; Image
matching; Remote sensing; Search problems; Stereo image processing; Aerial
images; Structural stereo matching; 3D object recovering; Straight line
segments; Relational subgraphs; Correspondence graph; Searching algorithm
; Urban scenes
Original abstract: In this paper, a method of generating structural
descriptions of stereo image pairs and their matching to recover 3D form
of objects in space, is discussed. The method consists of the following
steps: 1) straight line segments are extracted in both images and the relational
among them are investigated; and 2) the relational subgraphs are constructed
and the correspondence graph is created. Using the "stable marriage" searching
algorithm the features in one image corresponding to features in the other
image are found. The method was tested on a set of aerial stereo images
of urban scenes.
Torma, J. A.; B. J. Arroyo, (1999). Travel behaviors and remote sensing.
1998 International Symposium on Microelectronics San Diego, CA, USA 1-4
Nov. 1998
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.910-12.
Keywords: Cellular radio; Geographic information systems; Global
Positioning System; Reliability; Remote sensing; Road traffic; Town and
country planning; Traffic control; Traffic engineering computing; Transportation;
Travel behavior; Information capture; Urban travel patterns; Transportation
systems; Drivers; Trip logs; Training; Planning; Reliable data; Trip log
accuracy; Trip log cost; Geographic positioning systems; Cellular communication;
Data storage devices; Trip data collection; Driver data recording technology
; gps
Original abstract: The use of emerging technology to assist with capturing
information about urban travel patterns is becoming a reality. Traditional
methods to understand how drivers use transportation systems has involved
keeping lengthy and complex trip logs that require a fair degree of training
for all parties to produce reliable data for planning purposes. These trip
logs often are inaccurate and costly to obtain. Advances in geographic
positioning systems, cellular communication and data storage devices makes
the collection of trip making much more accurate and removes much of the
need to have drivers recording data by hand. This paper explores this application
and some of the advances in the use of technology to assist with this problem.
Torma, M.; J. Koskinen, (1998). Land-use classification using multitemporal
ERS-1, Radarsat and JERS SAR-images. IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing
the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing.
Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174) Seattle, WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.2125-7 vol.4.
Keywords: Agriculture; Feature extraction; Forestry; Geophysical
signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Geophysics computing; Image
classification; Image sequences; Image texture; Radar imaging; Remote sensing
by radar; Self-organising feature maps; Spaceborne radar; Geophysical measurement
technique; Terrain mapping; Vegetation mapping; Town; City; Radar remote
sensing; Synthetic aperture radar; sar; Land use; Land surface; Multitemporal;
ers-1; Radarsat; JERS SAR-images; Image sequence; Forest; Agricultural
field; Mire; Urban area; Median filtering; Speckle reduction; Principal
component analysis; Spectral classification; Self-organizing feature map;
Learning vector quantization; Contextual classification; Context; Image
processing ; Post-processing
Original abstract: Land-use classification was performed by using a
set of ERS-1, JERS- and Radarsat images. Classes were water, forests (with
subclasses according to stem volume), agricultural field, mire and urban
area. Median filtering was used for speckle reduction and principal component
analysis for feature extraction. Spectral classification was performed
by using self-organizing feature map and learning vector quantization.
Contextual classification was performed as a post-processing step. The
overall accuracy of the spectral classification was 86.4% and the best
contextual classification 89.8%.
Truch, P.; R. Anderson, (1996). Solid waste collection route design
in a G.I.S. environment-phase one. URISA Proceedings, Annual Conference.
Papers from the Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information
Systems Association Proceedings of URISA 1996 Annual Meeting on Information
Systems Salt Lake City, UT, USA 27 July-1 Aug. 1996
Washington, DC, USA Urban & Regional Inf. Syst. Assoc, pp.142-52.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Public administration;
Transportation; Waste disposal; Solid waste collection route design; gis;
Core data sets; Vision; Oracle; Land parcel; Block-face polygons; Civic
census structure data; Pentium based personal computer; Exceed; Data maintenance
; Geographic information system
Original abstract: The City of Calgary has been developing core sets
of data across the Corporation in a GIS environment since 1992 (Evans and
Lethaby; Haley; 1995). Over the past two decades, the Solid Waste Services
Division has been developing, refining and implementing a solid waste route
collection system and methodology in an operating environment (Anderson,
1976). A blending of the two came in the Fall of 1995 with the pilot development
of a route design (phase one) in a Vision*(R)/Oracle(R) environment utilizing
core sets of data including parcel, block-face polygons, and civic census
structure data augmented with specific route design parameters-time/base
dwelling units, truck types, crew sizes and haul distances. The development
environment included testing of a Pentium(R) based PC running Exceed(R)
to do spatial data maintenance. This paper outlines what has been accomplished
with the completion of phase one and discusses the next implementation
phases leading to a full operations environment.
Tsai, F.; W. Philpot (1998). Derivative analysis of hyperspectral
data. Remote Sensing of Environment, V66, (N1): 41-51.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: With the goal of applying derivative spectral analysis
to analyze high-resolution, spectrally continuous remote sensing data,
several smoothing and derivative computation algorithms have been reviewed
and modified to develop a set of cross-platform spectral analysis tools.
Emphasis was placed on exploring different smoothing and derivative algorithms
to extract spectral details from spectral data sets. A modular program
was created to perform interactive derivative analysis. This module calculated
derivatives using either a convolution (Savitzky¯Golay) or finite
divided difference approximation algorithm. Spectra were smoothed using
one of the three built-in smoothing algorithms (Savitzky¯Golay smoothing,
Kawata¯Minami smoothing, and mean-filter smoothing) prior to the derivative
computation procedures. Laboratory spectral data were used to test the
performance of the implemented derivative analysis module. An algorithm
for detecting the absorption band positions was executed on synthetic spectra
and a soybean fluorescence spectrum to demonstrate the usage of the implemented
modules in extracting spectral features. Issues related to smoothing and
spectral deviation caused by the smoothing or derivative computation algorithms
were also observed and are discussed. A scaling effect, resulting from
the migration of band separations when using the finite divided difference
approximation derivative algorithm, can be used to enhance spectral features
at the scale of specified sampling interval and remove noise or features
smaller than the sampling interval.
Tsamboulas, D.; G. Mikroudis (2000). EFECT evaluation framework of
environmental impacts and costs of transport initiatives. Transportation
Research, Part D (Transport and Environment), 5D, (4): 283-303.
Keywords: Cost-benefit analysis; Decision trees; Environmental factors;
Fuzzy set theory; Geographic information systems; Transportation; EFECT
evaluation framework; Environmental impacts; Transport initiatives; Generalised
methodological framework; Transportation projects; Multi-criteria analysis;
Geographical regions; Time periods; Time impacts; Spatial impacts; Transportation
networks ; Sensitivity testing
Original Abstract: EFECT is a generalised methodological framework
for evaluating the impacts resulting from transportation projects with
a specific orientation to environmental impacts. The innovative aspect
of the methodological framework is the combination of multi-criteria analysis
(MCA) with cost-benefit analysis (CBA) methods to come up with an overall
assessment of transport initiatives' impacts over different geographical
regions and time periods. Thus, it addresses both spatial and time impacts
of transportation networks for all modes. The framework comprises four
steps: structuring, weighting, rating, and exploring. Uncertainty is explicitly
treated in the framework through fuzzy sets or, indirectly, through sensitivity
testing. EFECT, using an additive function combining MCA and CBA methods,
provides simplicity and intuitive understanding of results. This allows
the use of either a core approach with a basic set of criteria and weights,
or the application of a more detailed evaluation, when needed. The way
EFECT is applied and the results produced are presented through a case-study
example.
Tu, T. M. (2000). Unsupervised signature extraction and separation
in hyperspectral images: a noise-adjusted fast independent component analysis
approach. Optical Engineering, V39, (N4): 897-906.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: Multispectral/hyperspectral imaging spectrometry
in earth remote sensing applications mostly focuses on determining the
identity and abundance of materials in a geographic area of interest. Without
any prior knowledge, however, it is generally very difficult to identify
and determine how many endmembers reside in a scene. We cope with this
limitation by estimating the number of endmembers using a noise-adjusted
version of the transformed Gerschgorin disk approach (NATGD). This estimated
result is then applied to a noise-adjusted version of fast independent
component analysis (NAFICA). Experimental results indicate that NAFICA
offers a new approach for unsupervised signature extraction and separation
in hyperspectral images. ©2000 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation
Engineers.
Tuytelaars, T.; L. Van Gool; M. Proesmans; T. Moons, (1998). The
cascaded Hough transform as an aid in aerial image interpretation.
Sixth International Conference on Computer Vision (IEEE Cat. No.98CH36271)
Proceedings of IEEE 6th International Conference on Computer Vision Bombay,
India 4-7 Jan. 1998
New Delhi, India Narosa Publishing House, pp.67-72.
Keywords: Hough transforms; Image classification; Remote sensing;
Aerial image interpretation; Cascaded Hough transform; Suburban areas;
Urban areas; Iterated application; Straight lines; Vanishing points ; Vanishing
lines
Original abstract: Cartography and other applications of remote sensing
have led to an increased interest in the (semi-)automatic interpretation
of structures in aerial images of urban and suburban areas. Although these
areas are particularly challenging because of their complexity, the degree
of regularity in such man-made structures also helps to tackle the problems.
The paper presents the iterated application of the Hough transform as a
means to exploit such regularities. It shows how such *Cascaded Hough Transform'
(or CHT for short) yields straight lines, vanishing points, and vanishing
lines. It also illustrates how the latter assist in improving the precision
of the former. The examples are based on real aerial photographs.
United States. Dept. of Transportation; United States. National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (2000). Commercial remote sensing technologies
application to transportation : a partnership for advancing transportation
practice. Washington D.C., U.S. Dept. of Transportation : National
Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Usai, S. (2000). An analysis of the interferometric characteristics
of anthropogenic features. Ieee Transactions on Geoscience and Remote
Sensing, V38, (N3): 1491-1497.
Keywords: INSAR data , interferometric characteristics, road deformation
Synopsis: Differential SAR Interferometry (D-INSAR) data are used to
study interferometric phase stability of manmade features. In a case study
of a road feature, authors conclude that deformation signals within the
road can be detected using this differential technique.
Original Abstract: A study of the interferometric characteristics of
manmade features is presented. Tests for the assessment of their phase
stability are applied for two case studies. The results indicate that small
features show spatially homogeneous phase information in a single interferogram
and that this information remains stable also in time even at the level
of single pixels.
Usai, S.; R. Klees, (1999). On the interferometric characteristics
of anthropogenic features. IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote
Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293) Hamburg, Germany 28 June-2
July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.1734-6 vol.3.
Keywords: Geodesy; Geophysical techniques; Remote sensing by radar;
Synthetic aperture radar; Terrain mapping; Topography (Earth); Geophysical
measurement technique; Urban site; Land use; Land surface; InSAR; Interferometric
SAR; Radar remote sensing; Anthropogenic feature; Interferometric characteristics;
Deformation; SAR interferometry; Long term interferogram; Interferometric
phase information; Highly coherent feature; The Netherlands; Subsiding
area; Subsidence ; Vertical motion
Original abstract: A new approach for the measurement of deformations
with SAR interferometry in scarcely decorrelated, long term interferograms
is presented. The approach makes use of the interferometric phase information
from highly coherent features, mostly of anthropogenic nature. The method
has been applied to measure the deformations in a subsiding area in The
Netherlands and the results turned out to be in good agreement with those
from a pre-existing subsidence model.
USDOT
FTA National Transit GIS: Data Standards, Guidelines and Recommended
Practices
USDOT, Federal Transit Administration
http://www.fta.dot.gov/library/technology/GIS/ntgistds/NTGISTDS.HTM
Keywords: USDOT, transportation - GIS guidelines
Vandekerckhove, J.; D. Frere; T. Moons; L. Van Gool, (1997). 3D reconstruction
of generic house roofs from aerial images of urban areas. Image Processing,
Signal Processing, and Synthetic Aperture Radar for Remote Sensing London,
UK 22-26 Sept. 1997
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.352-63.
Keywords: Edge detection; Geography; Image matching; Image reconstruction;
Image segmentation; Remote sensing; Stereo image processing; 3D reconstruction;
Generic house roofs; Aerial images; Urban areas; 3D models; Residential
areas; Homogeneous regions; Photometric properties; Chromatic properties;
Constraint triangulation network; Stereo matching; Straight line segments;
Bundle adjustment procedure; Reconstructed line segments; Coplanar configurations;
Polygonal patch hypotheses; Consistency verification; Combinatorics; Topology;
Metric accuracy; Recovered model; Reprojection error ; Brussels
Original abstract: A method is presented to automatically generate
3D models of house roofs from aerial images of residential areas in urban
sites. First, homogeneous regions with consistent photometric and chromatic
properties corresponding to roof structures are delineated in the images
by navigating through a constraint triangulation network. Stereo matching
of straight line segments is performed between corresponding regions only.
Line segments that are matched across at least three views are reconstructed
by a bundle adjustment procedure. The reconstructed line segments are then
grouped into coplanar configurations and polygonal patch hypotheses are
formed. Subsequently each polygon hypothesis is subjected to a consistency
verification with respect to the 3D reconstruction and the original image
data, and, if necessary, corrected accordingly. Observe that the combinatorics
are kept under control by processing one region at a time. In the next
stage, the polygons are glued together into a roof model. The emphasis
here is on extracting the correct topology of the roof structure. The metric
accuracy of the reconstruction is obtained in an additional step by backprojecting
the recovered model of the roof structure onto the images and minimizing
the total reprojection error. The viability of this approach has been tested
on a state-of-the-art dataset or aerial images of residential areas in
Brussels.
Vane, G.; R. O. Green; T. G. Chrien; H. T. Enmark; E. G. Hansen; W.
M. Porter (1993). The Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer
(Aviris). Remote Sensing of Environment, V44, (N2-3):
127-143.
Keywords: AVIRIS
VanGelder, P.; M. Miller, (1996). GIS as an aid in the evaluation
of drainage facilities at the Albany County Airport, New York. Proceedings
AWRA Annual Symposium. GIS and Water Resources Proceedings of 32nd Annual
Conference on GIS and Water Resources Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA 22-26 Sept.
1996
Herndon, VA, USA American Water Resources Assoc, pp.295-303.
Keywords: Airports; Civil engineering computing; Geographic information
systems; Inspection; Maintenance engineering; Planning; Records management;
Storms; Customized GIS; Geographic information system; Drainage facilities
evaluation; NY Albany County Airport, USA; Cost-effective application;
Planning tool; Surface water resources; Interactive tool; Regional transportation
facility; On-site inspections; Records management system; Thematic maps;
Cleaning programs; Maintenance needs identification; Link-node network;
Dynamic wave watershed model; Storm Water Management Model; Regional stormwater
master plan; Stormwater management decision information ; Facility management
task automation
Original abstract: Presents a cost-effective application of a customized
GIS, describing how the GIS was used as a planning tool in the evaluation
of surface water resources and adapted to provide an interactive tool for
the management of these resources at a major regional transportation facility.
Extensive research and on-site inspections were conducted to compile information
about the system elements installed over a period of more than 68 years.
The GIS was used to: produce a current (and updatable) records management
system; generate thematic maps; record and track information about inspection
and cleaning programs; and assist the user in the identification of future
maintenance needs. The system was represented as a link-node network to
facilitate incorporation into a dynamic wave watershed model-the Storm
Water Management Model (SWMM). The results of the SWMM were used to evaluate
existing conditions, determine necessary improvements and to develop a
regional stormwater master plan. The recommendations presented in the master
plan were later incorporated into the GIS to provide stormwater management
decision information for all future development. Provisions have been made
to expand the GIS to automate other facility management tasks.
Vogel, U., (1996). Ice early warning systems GFMS and environmental
data acquisition systems. Proceedings. 16th Conference on Transportation
Systems. Automation in Transportation '96 16th Conference on Transportation
Systems. Automation in Transportation '96 Split, Croatia 27-29 Nov. 1996
Zagreb, Croatia KoREMA, pp.46-9.
Keywords: Data acquisition; Environmental factors; Geographic information
systems; Geophysics computing; Humidity measurement; Humidity sensors;
Ice; Maintenance engineering; Remote sensing; Temperature measurement;
Ice early warning systems; Environmental data acquisition systems; Glatte
Fruh Melde Systeme; Environment protection; Economic winter service; Road
situations; Weather situations; Road weather condition; Maintenance people;
National information service ; State-owned weather service
Original abstract: Ice early warning systems (Glatte Fruh Melde Systeme)
GFMS are valuable tools for a modern, efficient, environment protection
and economic winter service. They analyse weather and road situations and
allow thanks to modern communication techniques a quick data exchange between
a lot of responsible people for winter service. They provide, at correct
conception, a global overview over the total road weather condition in
a country. Additional services, such as e.g. forecasts of weather situations
or automatic call for service to the maintenance people bring safety, help
reduce costs and provide comfort in places, where it is advisable and acceptable.
With the beginning of the conception of GFMS a national information service
should be the target. The state-owned weather service should be taken into
account in the conception to become a possible constituent part of the
whole system. It is suggestive to put standards, e.g. in the matter of
communication.
Wagner, M. J. (1998). A GIS dream comes true. GIS World,
11, (1): 58-60.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Government data processing;
Internet; Office automation; GIS benefits; Louisiana Department of Transportation
and Development; GIS derived geographic maps; Paperless environment; Intranet;
Public access; Geographic information; Multimedia GIS; GeoMedia software
package; Modular GIS Environment; GeoMedia Web Map ; Public Internet
Original Abstract: GIS benefits that weren't even possible a few short
years ago have been realized at the Louisiana Department of Transportation
and Development. Today, staff create GIS derived geographic maps in minutes,
they connect various departments together and create a paperless environment
via an intranet. They provide the public with access to various geographic
information and map via the Internet. They plan to create a multimedia
GIS. GIS is no longer an enigma; a function done *down the hall'. The developments
were realized using Huntsville, Ala. based Intergraph Corporation's GeoMedia
software package. An extension to Intergraph's Modular GIS Environment
(MGE) foundation already in LADOTD's GIS, GeoMedia and Intergraph's Web
based mapping product GeoMedia Web Map enabled the implementation of an
intranet and public Internet.
Warner, T. A.; M. C. Shank (1997). Spatial autocorrelation analysis
of hyperspectral imagery for feature selection. Remote Sensing of
Environment, V60, (N1): 58-70.
Keywords: hyperspectral data analysis , feature extraction, Narrowband
feature selection, Broadband feature selection
Original Abstract: The spatial information in a single spectral image
can be estimated from the spatial autocorrelation, which is a measure of
how the local variation compares with the overall variance in a scene.
In images of random noise, the local variation tends to be similar to the
overall variance. In contrast, scenes in which large features can be discerned
have clusters of pixels with similar values, which cause the local variation
to be much smaller on average than the overall scene variance. A comparison
of the autocorrelation of images formed by the ratios of two spectral bands
is an excellent way to determine which combinations provide the best spectral
representation of objects greater in size than the spatial resolution of
the sensor. This is because an image formed from the ratios of two nonredundant
bands will enhance spectral objects and thus tend to have greater spatial
autocorrelation than the ratio of two bands that are very similar. Ratios
are a particularly effective method of combining images because this operation
tends to reduce the effect of illumination differences and to enhance spectral
features. Feature selection is the process of finding a subset of the original
bands that provides an optimal trade-off between probability of error and
classification cost (Swain and Davis, 1978). Three feature selection problems
are addressed in this paper: (1) narrow band feature selection,which is
the selection of a subset of individual bands; (2) broad band feature selection,
in which groups of adjacent bands are selected, and (3) nonadjacent multiple
band feature selection, in which selection of the groups of bands is not
limited to adjacent bands. Spatial autocorrelation is useful in all three
feature selection problems. Narrow band feature selection is carried out
by ranking the spatial autocorrelation of all possible combinations of
ratioed bands. Broad band feature selection can be carried out by iteratively
grouping adjacent bands that are the most similar. If the grouping is started
from the previously identified best bands, it is possible to develop a
metric to check that the incorporation of each additional band to the group
enhances the spatial autocorrelation of all the groups of bands together.
Nonadjacent multiple band feature selection is simply an extension of the
broad band case, except any of the original bands can potentially be grouped
in any of the features. Tests with simulated data indicate that the spatial
autocorrelation based methods consistently identify the best bands or groups
of bands. Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data
of eastern Washington state are used to illustrate the technique on real
data. The results suggest that visible and near-infrared bands provide
a large proportion of the spectral and spatial information in that scene.
Adjacent bands in many cases provide similar information, but there are
important exceptions such as on the red edge of the infra-red plateau.
Washer, G.
TFHRC
Developing NDE Technologies for Infrastructure Assessment
Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC)
http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/jan00/nde.htm
Keywords: Non-destructive evaluation (NDE)
Wasilewski, A. A.; N. L. Faust; W. Ribarsky, (1999). Semi-automated
and interactive construction of 3D urban terrains. Modeling, Simulation,
and Visualization for Real and Virtual Environments Orlando, FL, USA 7-8
April 1999
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.31-8.
Keywords: Fully automated techniques; Semi-automated tools; 3D urban
model; VGIS interface ; VGIS database
Original abstract: We have developed a set of tools that attack the
problem of rapid construction of 3D urban terrains containing buildings,
roads, trees, and other features. Heretofore, the process of creating such
databases has been painstaking, with no integrated set of tools to model
individual buildings, apply textures, place objects accurately with respect
to other objects, and insert them into a database structure appropriate
for real time display. Since fully automated techniques for routinely building
3D urban environments using machine vision have not yet been entirely successful,
our approach has been to build a set of semi-automated tools that support
and make efficient a human interpreter, running a PC under Windows NT.
The tools use remote sensing technologies and thus are applicable to the
general case of not having close access to urban data (e.g., collections
of buildings may be in foreign or hostile environments), but can use close-up
image data if provided. Once we have the 3D urban model, we face the problems
of final precise alignment of objects and real time visualization. We attack
both problems by providing an interface to VGIS (D. Koller et al., 1995),
our high resolution global terrain visualization system. Typically data
from different sources, such as phototextures, building models, maps, and
terrain elevations, do not register precisely when put together. VGIS provides
accurate, real time display of all these data products. Our tools provide
a porting mechanism for bringing the urban data into VGIS where it can
be interactively aligned. The data are then organized into a VGIS database
for real time display.
Wegmuller, U.; T. Strozzi, (1998). Characterization of differential
interferometry approaches. EUSAR'98. European Conference on Synthetic
Aperture Radar Proceedings of EURSAR '98: European Conference on Synthetic
Aperture Radar Friedrichshafen, Germany 25-27 May 1998
Berlin, Germany VDE VERLAG GMBH, pp.237-40.
Keywords: Radiowave interferometry; Remote sensing by radar; Spaceborne
radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Differential SAR interferometry; 2-pass
differential interferometry; 3-pass differential interferometry; 4-pass
differential interferometry ; Spaceborne SAR
Original abstract: Different approaches of 2-, 3- and 4-pass differential
SAR interferometry are presented and its potential and limitations are
discussed. The focus is on the methodology and not on a specific application
example.
Wegmuller, U.; T. Strozzi; G. Bitelli, (1999). Validation of ERS
differential SAR interferometry for land subsidence mapping: the Bologna
case study. IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.
IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293) Hamburg, Germany 28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.1131-3 vol.2.
Keywords: Geomorphology; Radiowave interferometry; Spaceborne radar;
Synthetic aperture radar; Terrain mapping; Time series; ERS differential
SAR interferometry; Land subsidence mapping; Bologna case study; Italy;
Urban area; City; Vertical movements; Spatial gradient; Levelling data;
ERS-1/2 data; AD 1992 08 to 1996 05; Levelling surveys; Cost effectiveness;
Resolution ; Accuracy
Original abstract: The city of Bologna, Italy, is ideal to assess the
potential of ERS differential SAR interferometry for land subsidence mapping
in urban areas for a couple of reasons: the subsiding area is large and
presents important velocities of the vertical movements; there is a typical
spatial gradient of the vertical movements; many ERS SAR frames are available;
a large scientific community is involved in the study of subsidence; a
large amount of levelling data is available. The authors analyze a time
series of ERS-1/2 data from August 1992 to May 1996 and compare the subsidence
maps derived from ERS SAR interferometry and levelling surveys. The authors
conclude that for the mapping of land subsidence in urban environments
ERS differential SAR interferometry is complementary to levelling surveys
and GPS with regard to cost effectiveness, resolution and accuracy.
Wehn, H.; N. Goldstein; I. Burke; T. Bult, (1998). Hyperspectral
mosaicking, coregistration and change detection. 1998 IEEE Aerospace
Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.98TH8339) 1998 IEEE Aerospace Conference.
Proceedings Snowmass at Aspen, CO, USA 21-28 March 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.13-20 vol.2.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Image recognition; Image
registration; Remote sensing; Spectral analysis; Hyperspectral mosaicking;
Coregistration; Change detection; Geobox; Hawkeye; Quantitative automatic
hyperspectral data exploitation; Sensor data; Airborne hyperspectral sensors;
Atmospheric correction; Precision geometric processing; Subpixel analysis;
Framed image data; User-configurable set; Geometric corrections; Radiometric
corrections; Geocoding; Orthorectification; Forest changes; Urban construction;
Disturbed soil ; Military targets
Original abstract: This paper describes an integrated pair of tools,
Geobox and Hawkeye, that facilitate quantitative, automatic hyperspectral
data exploitation by covering the entire end-to-end processing chain from
sensor data to end-user products. With the maturing of airborne hyperspectral
sensors and the imminent launch of many satellites with hyperspectral imaging
capabilities, we are on the threshold of operationally exploiting this
data for commercial and military uses. While some researchers focus on
individual steps in this chain, such as atmospheric correction, precision
geometric processing, or subpixel analysis techniques, the Geobox and Hawkeye
tools described here are a compilation and integration of the best available
research from one end of the chain to the other. Geobox takes framed image
data from a variety of sensors and performs a user-configurable set of
geometric and radiometric corrections including geocoding, coregistration,
orthorectification, mosaicking, and atmospheric correction. Hawkeye integrates
a range of algorithms into a common framework to detect, classify, and
map forest changes, urban construction, disturbed soil, and targets of
military concern.
Wehr, A.; U. Lohr (1999). Airborne laser scanning - an introduction
and overview. Isprs Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,
V54, (N2-3): 68-82.
Keywords: airborne laser scanning , hyperspectral data analysis,
feature extraction, Narrowband feature selection, Broadband feature selection
Synopsis: This paper discusses the two classes of laser - pulse and
continuous wave, followed by a summary of scanning processes (figures of
equipment and mechanics).
Original Abstract: This tutorial paper gives an introduction and overview
of various topics related to airborne laser scanning (ALS) as used to measure
range to and reflectance of objects on the earth surface. After a short
introduction, the basic principles of laser, the two main classes, i.e.,
pulse and continuous-wave lasers, and relations with respect to time-of-flight,
range, resolution, and precision are presented. The main laser components
and the role of the laser wavelength, including eye safety considerations,
are explained. Different scanning mechanisms and the integration of laser
with GPS and INS for position and orientation determination are presented.
The data processing chain for producing digital terrain and surface models
is outlined. Finally, a short overview of applications is given.
Wehr, A.; U. Lohr; E. Baltsavias (1999). Theme issue on airborne
laser scanning. Isprs Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,
V54, (N2-3): 61-63.
Keywords:
Weigel, D.; B. Cao (1999). Applying GIS and OR techniques to solve
Sears technician-dispatching and home-delivery problems. Interfaces,
29, (1): 112-30.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Goods dispatch data processing;
Operations research; Resource allocation; Transportation; Sears Roebuck
Company; Technician-dispatching; Home-delivery; Vehicle-routing; Scheduling;
Geographic information system ; Origin-destination matrix
Original Abstract: Sears, Roebuck and Company uses a vehicle-routing
and scheduling system based on a geographic information system to run its
delivery and home service fleets more efficiently. Although the problems
to be solved can be modeled as vehicle-routing problems with time windows,
the size of the problems and thus practical complexity make these problems
of both theoretical and practical interest. We constructed a series of
algorithms, including the algorithm to build the origin-and-destination
matrix, the algorithm to assign resources, and algorithms to perform sequencing
and route improvement. The combination of GIS and OR techniques makes the
system quite efficient. The system has improved the Sears technician-dispatching
and home-delivery business. The success of this application also suggests
a promising link between GIS and OR techniques.
Wen, G.-J.; R.-S. Wang (2000). Automatic extraction of main roads
from aerial remote sensing images. Journal of Software, 11,
(7): 957-64.
Keywords: Computer vision; Feature extraction; Gaussian distribution;
Image classification; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping; Automatic road extraction;
Main road network; Aerial remote sensing images; Measuring procedure; Geometrical
objects; City; Straight line extraction; Noise; Imaging process; Parameter
blurring; Extraction robustness; Theoretical analysis ; Image understanding
Original Abstract: The classification and measuring procedure for geometrical
objects in a city could be simplified if its main road network could be
automatically extracted from aerial remote-sensing images. In this paper,
an automatic approach for extracting main city roads based on straight
lines is developed, in which the roads are modeled according to their characteristics
in the image. The new method places emphasis on dealing with all kinds
of noise from the imaging process and uses a Gaussian distribution to blur
the parameters of straight lines in order to ensure extraction robustness.
All parameters of this method are acquired by theoretical analysis so that
the extraction process is automatic. Experimental results show that the
main road network can be extracted from real aerial remote-sensing images.
Wetzel, M. A. (1995). Simulation of Radiances for Future Avhrr Platforms
with the Aviris Spectral Radiometer. International Journal of Remote
Sensing, V16, (N6): 1167-1177.
Keywords: AVIRIS , Avhrr platform
Weydahl, D. J., (1997). Identifying urban features using RADARSAT
images taken at multiple incidence angles. IGARSS'97. 1997 International
Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Remote Sensing - A Scientific
Vision for Sustainable Development (Cat. No.97CH36042) Singapore 3-8 Aug.
1997
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.287-9 vol.1.
Keywords: Geophysical techniques; Image classification; Radar imaging;
Remote sensing by radar; Spaceborne radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Geophysical
measurement technique; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Radar remote sensing;
Urban; Feature identification; radarsat; RADARSAT image; Town; City; sar;
Multiple incidence angles; Built-up area; Building type; Backscatter; Statistical
difference; Residential houses; House; Industry roof ; Cylindrical storage
tank
Original abstract: RADARSAT gives the opportunity to acquire SAR data
over a wide range of incidence angles over the same geographical area.
This gives additional backscatter information from built-up areas since
different building types and objects will give backscatter variations depending
on the incidence angle. In this work, a statistical difference is found
between the SAR backscatter from residential houses, industry roofs and
cylindrical storage tanks, which may be used to distinguish between areas
of these classes.
Weydahl, D. J.; X. Becquey; T. Tollefsen, (1995). Combining ERS-1
SAR with optical satellite data over urban areas. 1995 International
Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS '95. Quantitative Remote
Sensing for Science and Applications (Cat. No.95CH35770) Firenze, Italy
10-14 July 1995
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.2161-3 vol.3.
Keywords: Backscatter; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical
techniques; Image classification; Microwave imaging; Radar cross-sections;
Radar imaging; Radar target recognition; Remote sensing by radar; Spaceborne
radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Geophysical measurement technique; Land
surface; Terrain mapping; Town; City; Urban area; Radar remote sensing;
Microwave radar imaging; SAR imaging; ers-1; spot; Landsat TM; Multispectral
remote sensing; Built-up area; Buildings; Specular reflection; Resonance
effect; Radar scattering; Hard targets; Target recognition ; Incidence
angle
Original abstract: The aim of this study is to combine the information
in SPOT and Landsat TM with the backscatter from ERS-1 SAR images. This
is done in order to find out what kind of features for which SAR would
be the major information source. In particular the authors are studying
built-up areas. It is shown that buildings and other hard targets can give
specular reflection and resonance effects. The backscatter from hard targets
is dependent on radar aspect-and incidence angle. Information extracted
from multitemporal SAR images will hence increase our knowledge of hard
targets within a built-up area, when used together with optical images.
White, R., (1996). Building an urban image. III International
Symposium on Computing and Archaeology Proceedings of the International
Association of Computing in Archaeology Rome, Italy 22-25 Nov. 1995
Firenze, Italy Edizione All'lnsegna del Giglio s.a.s, pp.137-47 vol.1.
Keywords: Archaeology; Electrical conductivity; Geographic information
systems; Geophysical prospecting; Radar applications; Seismology; Urban
image building; Atlas; Britain; Abandoned Roman towns; Wroxeter Hinterland
Project; Viroconium Cornoviorum; Shropshire; Geophysical prospecting methods;
Site occupation; Geophysical techniques; Magnetometry; World-Wide-Web;
Ground-penetrating radar; Multi-probe continuous-reading automated resistivity;
Conductivity; Airborne survey; Multi-spectral scanning; Aerial photography;
Sub-surface surveys; Ground-truthing data ; GIS database
Original abstract: Abandoned towns have long been recognised as one
of the most important resources for understanding the development and decline
of the urban environment. In Britain, the number of opportunities for studies
into abandoned Roman towns is limited as most have continued in use until
the present day. The Wroxeter Hinterland Project is currently engaged in
research on the best-preserved deserted Roman town in Britain: Viroconium
Cornoviorum, in Shropshire-modern Wroxeter. The approach has been to use
a broad range of geophysical prospecting methods to elucidate the nature
and density of occupation on the site. Standard geophysical techniques
such as magnetometry and resistivity have been extensively deployed alongside
the newer technologies of ground-penetrating radar, multi-probe, continuous-reading
automated resistivity, seismology and conductivity. Airborne survey is
adding another dimension through multi-spectral scanning and conventional
aerial photography, while sub-surface surveys are being hatched up with
ground-truthing data collected through conventional survey methods. The
results are being processed on the Project's GIS database and will provide
as full an insight into the nature of occupation at Wroxeter as is possible
without further extensive excavation. It is intended that the results will
be published in an atlas and will also be accessible via the World-Wide-Web.
Wiegand, N.; T. M. Adams; A. P. Vonderohe (1998). OODBMS implementation
model of a linear referencing system. URISA Journal, 10,
(2): 36-45.
Keywords: Data models; Geographic information systems; Object-oriented
databases; Town and country planning; Transportation; Visual databases;
OODBMS implementation model; Linear referencing system; Data model; Transportation
management; Cartographic representations; Spatial display; Database management
system; Data management support; Object-oriented DBMS ; odmg 2.0
Original Abstract: A Linear Referencing System (LRS) data model was
developed to coordinate data and facilities for transportation management
and to solve the problem of integrating data recorded using alternate linear
referencing methods. The model employs concepts of object-orientation and
a hierarchical approach to standardize method addresses on a linear datum.
The datum can be mapped to multiple cartographic representations for spatial
display. Although conceived for transportation, the model is general enough
to be used for diverse engineering network applications. This paper describes
how the LRS would be modeled using next generation database management
system (DBMS) technology. DBMSs provide full data management support, which
is useful for the LRS. However, standard DBMSs are limited in their ability
to accommodate an application as complex as the LRS. Instead, we are exploring
object-oriented DBMSs (OODBMSs) as the best potential current technology
for implementing the LRS. Specifically, our implementation design uses
newly developed data model and language standards, ODMG 2.0, for commercial
OODBMSs. OODBMS versions and triggers are also explored for maintaining
and performing updates in the LRS database.
Wiggens, L.; K. Deuker; J. Ferreira (2000). Application Challenges
for Geographic Information Science: Implications for Research, Education
and Policy for Transportation Planning and Management. URISA Journal,
12, (2).
Keywords: transportation planning , GIS, remote sensing
Synopsis: This is a general overview type article. Title is very self-explanatory.
Discussion of remote sensing is included and readers might find this article
useful in its description of issues and problems in transportation planning
and management.
Wikantika, K.; A. B. Harto; R. Tateishi; S. S. Wihartini; J. Tetuko;
P. Jong Hyun, (2000). An investigation of textural characteristics associated
with spectral information for land use classification. IGARSS 2000.
IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking
the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment.
Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2915-17 vol.7.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques;
Image classification; Image texture; Multidimensional signal processing;
Principal component analysis; Radar imaging; Remote sensing; Remote sensing
by radar; Sensor fusion; Speckle; Synthetic aperture radar; Terrain mapping;
Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Image processing; Spectral
information; Land use; Multispectral remote sensing; Visible; ir; Infrared;
Synergism; spot; Landsat-TM; jers-1; sar; Wavelet transform; First order
statistic of variance; Second order texture statistic of entropy; Maximum
likelihood classifier; Data fusion ; Radar remote sensing
Original abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate improvement
of classification accuracy using synergism between textural features and
spectral information. Satellite data used in this study are multispectral
SPOT HRV, Landsat-TM, and JERS-1 SAR images. Spectral information applied
for data compression, is standard principal component analysis, while speckle
noise present at JERS-1 SAR image was reduced using wavelet transform.
The first order statistic of variance and the second order texture statistic
of entropy found in the literature were used. Several datasets were generated
using spectral extraction, textural features, and their combination. Based
on the maximum likelihood classifier, land use categories of the study
area were discriminated. The result shows that combined use of spectral
and texture information together significantly improved the accuracy of
land use classification.
Wikantika, K.; S. S. Wihartini; R. Tateishi; A. B. Harto, (2000). Spectral
and textural information of multisensor data for land use classification
in metropolitan area. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience
and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role
of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120)
Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2843-5 vol.7.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques;
Image classification; Image texture; Multidimensional signal processing;
Radar imaging; Remote sensing; Remote sensing by radar; Sensor fusion;
Terrain mapping; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Urban
area; Town; City; Spectral information; Image processing; Multispectral
remote sensing; Multisensor data; Land use; Metropolitan area; radarsat;
Radar remote sensing; Landsat-TM; Land use category; Jakarta; Indonesia;
Principal component analysis; Texture statistics; Angular second moment;
Maximum likelihood classifier ; Kappa statistics
Original abstract: This paper presents the potential of RADARSAT and
Landsat-TM images to discriminate land use categories in metropolitan area
of Jakarta, Indonesia. Spectral information used in this study, is standard
principal component analysis of Landsat-TM. Four of the most common first
and second order texture statistics found in the literature were used.
They are variance, entropy, angular second moment, and contrast. Several
datasets were generated using spectral extraction, textural features, and
their combination. Based on the maximum likelihood classifier, land use
categories of the study area were discriminated. The overall accuracies
and the kappa statistics were analyzed and compared. The result shows that
combined use of spectral and texture information together significantly
improved the accuracy of land use classification.
Wiley, R. B.; T. K. Keyser, (1998). Discrete event simulation experiments
and geographic information systems in congestion management planning.
1998 Winter Simulation Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36274) Proceedings
of IEEE Winter Simulation Conference Washington, DC, USA 13-16 Dec. 1998
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.1087-93 vol.2.
Keywords: Data analysis; Discrete event simulation; Geographic information
systems; Planning; Software packages; Traffic engineering computing; Transportation;
Congestion management planning; Regional transportation system; Large traffic
volumes; Stochastic systems; Traffic management; Transportation planning;
Slice in time view; Roadway network links; gis; Transportation simulation
software package ; Data collection
Original abstract: A regional transportation system and the movement
of large traffic volumes through it, are characteristic of stochastic systems.
The standard traffic management or transportation planning approach uses
a slice in time view of the system. Static, mean values of system variables
are used for the basis of incident-caused, congestion management decisions.
By reason of the highly variable nature of transportation systems, discrete
event simulation is used in the planning process. The simulation model
is highly dependent on the spatial accuracy of real world coordinates of
nodes and the lengths of the roadway network links. Link travel times,
queue spill back and turn lane queue size are directly related to the magnitude
of incident-caused congestion, and the roadway system's ability to recover
from it. The incorporation of accurate geographic information system (GIS)
data with a powerful transportation simulation software package and properly
designed data collection and analysis techniques are invaluable in support
of transportation incident management decisions.
Williamson, R., (1999). Technology and Global Markets for Remote Sensing. Technology and Global Markets for Remote Sensing. A National Forum on Remote Sensing Applications to Transportation, May 11-12, 1999, Washington DC. http://scitech.dot.gov/reeng/sensmsrm/rmtsense/sbrsagnd.html,
Wilson, T. A.; S. K. Rogers; L. R. Myers (1995). Perceptual-Based
Hyperspectral Image Fusion Using Multiresolution Analysis. Optical
Engineering, V34, (N11): 3154-3164.
Keywords:
Wolfer, J.; J. Roberge; T. Grace, (1995). Learning vector quantization
vs. multilayered perceptrons for classifying Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery.
WCNN '95. World Congress on Neural Networks. 1995 International Neural
Network Society Annual Meeting Proceedings of the World Congress on Neural
Networks Washington, DC, USA 17-21 July 1995
Mahwah, NJ, USA Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp.157-64 vol.1.
Keywords: Agriculture; Feature extraction; Geography; Image classification;
Image coding; Learning (artificial intelligence); Multilayer perceptrons;
Remote sensing; Town and country planning; Vector quantisation; Learning
vector quantization; Multilayered perceptrons; Landsat Thematic Mapper
image classification; Road classification; Remotely-sensed imagery; Agricultural
assessment; Urban planning; Road pixels; Spectral signatures; Backpropagation
; Trained neural networks
Original abstract: Classifying roads in remotely-sensed imagery has
been the target of several contemporary research efforts. Detecting these
features in Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery is of consequence for
both agricultural assessment and urban planning. In our previous work (1994),
we showed that road pixels could be distinguished by their spectral signatures
in Landsat TM images. In this paper, we present a comparison of backpropagation
with learning vector quantization (LVQ) trained networks for classifying
road pixels in Landsat TM images.
Wu, J.; N. Jing; H.-S. Chen (2000). Hierarchical encoding of optimal
path and its retrieval. Chinese Journal of Computers, 23,
(2): 184-9.
Keywords: Graph theory; Path planning; Path query processing; gis;
Navigation systems; Best path query; Computer networks; Transportation
networks; Path view materialization; hepv ; Path retrieval
Original Abstract: Efficient path query processing is a key requirement
for advanced applications including GIS (Geographic Information Systems),
navigation systems, and computer networks. The author investigates the
best path query algorithm in the context of networks with large number
of nodes and links, such as transportation networks and computer networks.
To guarantee efficient response for best path queries, this paper employs
a path view materialization strategy for pre-computing and store the best
paths, proposes the HEPV (Hierarchical Encoded Path View) approach, gives
the optimality theorem of path retrieval over HEPV, as well as proposes
best path retrieval algorithm.
Wu, R.; J. Li, (1998). Novel time delay estimation methods with applications
to ultra wideband ground penetrating radar. Radar Sensor Technology
III Orlando, FL, USA 16 April 1998
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.57-68.
Keywords: Covariance matrices; Delay estimation; Fourier transforms;
Gaussian noise; Radar applications; Radar receivers; Radar theory; Time
delay estimation methods; Ultra wideband ground penetrating radar; Weighted
Fourier transform; RELAXation based method; wrelax; Multiple look cases;
Receiver noise; Zero-mean colored Gaussian noise; Unknown covariance matrices;
Cramer-Rao bound; Minimum attainable variances; Unbiased estimators; Signal-to-noise
ratios ; Roadway subsurface anomalies
Original abstract: In this paper, we first present a weighted Fourier
transform and RELAXation based method, which is both computationally and
statistically efficient, for the well-known time delay estimation problem.
Later WRELAX is extended to multiple look cases where the receiver noise
is assumed to be zero-mean colored Gaussian noise with unknown covariance
matrices. Numerical examples show that both WRELAX and its extensions can
approach the corresponding Cramer-Rao bound, the minimum attainable variances
for any unbiased estimators, for a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios.
The new algorithm can be applied to detecting and classifying roadway subsurface
anomalies by using an ultra wideband ground penetrating radar. Experimental
examples are also provided to demonstrate the performance of the new algorithm.
Xiaomei, Y.; Z. Chenghu, (2000). Analysis of the complexity of remote
sensing image and its role on image classification. IGARSS 2000. IEEE
2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the
Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment.
Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) Honolulu, HI, USA 24-28 July 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.2179-81 vol.5.
Keywords: Image classification; Terrain mapping; Remote sensing
image; Geographical environment; Remote sensing information extraction;
Spectral domain; Spatial domain; Multispatial scale; Image complexity;
Quantitative analysis; Qualitative estimate; Quantitative index; Statistical
property; Fourier transformation; Information entropy ; Multilevel remote
sensing information model
Original abstract: A remote sensing image reflects the geographical
environment of some region at a certain moment. The principal factor influencing
the extraction of remote sensing information is the complexity of the image.
This paper clarifies the complexity of a remote sensing image from the
spectral domain, spatial domain and multi-spatial scale. The authors develop
an expression for image complexity by quantitative analysis instead of
an intuitionistic qualitative estimate. A quantitative index describing
the complexity of the image information is presented based on the comprehensive
description of the statistical property, Fourier transformation and information
entropy of the image. Finally, a multi-level remote sensing information
model is constructed based on different image complexities.
Xiugang, L.; W. Wei; L. Fang; D. Xuejun (1999). GIS based map overlay
method for comprehensive assessment of road environmental impact. Transportation
Research, Part D (Transport and Environment), 4D, (3): 147-58.
Keywords: Environmental factors; Geographic information systems;
Operations research; Planning; Road traffic; Transportation; Map overlay
method; Road environmental impact; Geographic information system; Assessment;
Environmental vulnerability grade maps; Road alignments ; China
Original Abstract: By integrating the merits of the map overlay method
and matrix method, a geographic information system (GIS) based map overlay
method is developed to analyze comprehensively the environmental vulnerability
around road and its impact on the environment, which is adapted for the
comprehensive assessment of road environmental impact and the optimal selection
of road alignments. The assessment process of the GIS based map overlay
method and a detailed case study are presented, which include deciding
the system structure and weights of assessment factors, making environmental
vulnerability grade maps, calculating the respective coefficients of road
impact extent for each factor, and evaluating the alternative alignments
comprehensively to obtain the best one.
Xiuping, J.; J. A. Richards (1999). Segmented principal components
transformation for efficient hyperspectral remote-sensing image display
and classification. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,
37, (1): 538-542.
Keywords: feature extraction , hyperspectral data analysis
Original Abstract: A segmented, and possibly multistage, principal
components transformation (PCT) is proposed for efficient hyperspectral
remote-sensing image classification and display. The scheme requires, initially,
partitioning the complete set of bands into several highly correlated subgroups.
After separate transformation of each subgroup, the single-band separabilities
are used as a guide to carry out feature selection. The selected features
can then be transformed again to achieve a satisfactory data reduction
ratio and generate the three most significant components for color display.
The scheme reduces the computational load significantly for feature extraction,
compared with the conventional PCT. A reduced number of features will also
accelerate the maximum likelihood classification process significantly,
and the process will not suffer the limitations encountered by trying to
use the full set of hyperspectral data when training samples are limited.
Encouraging results have been obtained in terms of classification accuracy,
speed, and quality of color image display using two airborne visible/infrared
imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) data sets.
Xiuwen, L.; C. Ke; W. DeLiang (2001). Extraction of hydrographic
regions from remote sensing images using an oscillator network with weight
adaptation. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,
39, (1): 207-11.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysics
computing; Hydrological techniques; Image classification; Image processing;
Image segmentation; Multilayer perceptrons; Remote sensing; Terrain mapping;
Hydrology; Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Hydrographic
region; Remote sensing image; Oscillator network; Weight adaptation; Object
extraction; Accurate boundary; Multilayer perceptron; Neural net; Neural
network; Seed point; Locally coupled network; Functional system; Hydrographic
region extraction; Digital Orthophoto Quarter-Quadrangle images; Image
region ; legion
Original Abstract: The authors propose a framework for object extraction
with accurate boundaries. A multilayer perceptron is used to identify seed
points through examples, and regions are extracted and localized using
a locally coupled network with weight adaptation. A functional system has
been developed and applied to hydrographic region extraction from Digital
Orthophoto Quarter-Quadrangle images.
Xue, F.; R. Wang (2001). Road extraction by using combined statistical
and structural information. Acta Optica Sinica, 21, (4):
504-8.
Keywords: Edge detection; Feature extraction; Geography; Remote
sensing; Statistical analysis; Structural information; Statistical information;
Road extraction; Remote sensing image; Road elements; Road segments; Multiple
local statistic characteristics; Image; Road boundaries; Energy function;
Algorithm robustness; Self-adaptive ability ; Line extraction
Original Abstract: An algorithm for road extraction from a remote sensing
image is presented. It contains three steps: the road elements and the
road segments are firstly extracted by using multiple local statistic characteristics
of the image, and the road boundaries are extracted by using an energy
function. Structural information is described by using a statistical analysis
in detecting the road elements instead of using lines extracted, to enhance
the algorithm's robustness; the parameters of the energy function are determined
from the result of the above calculation in detecting the road boundaries
to make the algorithm's self-adaptive ability.
Yonezawa, C.; S. Takeuchi, (1999). Detection of urban damage using
interferometric SAR decorrelation. IEEE 1999 International Geoscience
and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293) Hamburg, Germany
28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.925-7 vol.2.
Keywords: Earthquakes; Geophysical techniques; Radar imaging; Remote
sensing by radar; Spaceborne radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Terrain mapping;
ad 1995; Earthquake; Damage; Urban area; City; Japan; Radar remote sensing;
Interferometric SAR decorrelation; InSAR; sar; Norm type correlation coefficient;
Single-look intensity data; Intensity correlation; Complex correlation
coefficient; Single-look complex data; Ground surface change; Kobe; Buildings;
ers-1; Damaged city; Speckle ; Change detection
Original abstract: The authors attempted to use norm type correlation
coefficient of single-look intensity data (intensity correlation) and complex
correlation coefficient of single-look complex data (coherence) for the
purpose of detecting the ground surface change due to urban damages. The
test site was Kobe city area in Japan where a lot of buildings were collapsed
by an earthquake in 1995. The test data were ERS-1 SAR data, three of which
were observed before the earthquake and the other three were observed after
the earthquake. According to the comparison of decorrelation patterns between
the intensity correlation and the coherence, both of the correlation coefficients
were found to behave almost similarly. The correlation patterns were related
to the land cover types. The data pairs taken before and after the earthquake
indicated clear decorrelation at damaged city areas. For additional similarity,
the long baseline distance data pairs showed large decorrelation on whole
image and their correlation patterns were obscure. It is supposed from
these correspondences that the major factor in the intensity decorrelation
is still related to the interferometric decorrelation process, namely,
the change of speckle patterns due to the change of urban surface patterns.
The change of the cardinal effect is also suggested for additional factor
in the intensity decorrelation. From this result, the coherency is important
for detecting the damaged urban area using the correlation of SAR data.
Yong-Il, K.; P. Moo-Wuk; E. Yang-Dam (2000). Development of hypermap
database for ITS and GIS. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems,
24, (1): 45-60.
Keywords: Automated highways; Cartography; Geographic information
systems; Global Positioning System; Video databases; Hypermap database;
its; gis; Video images; Digital maps; Intelligent transportation systems;
Georeferencing method; Differential global positioning system; Two-dimensional
digital map ; 2D digital map
Original Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology
that combines video images and digital maps for intelligent transportation
systems (ITS) and geographic information systems (GIS). In this study,
(1) the database structure of a digital map for integrating video images;
(2) the georeferencing method of moving images by the time-tag; and (3)
the hypermap database using a differential global positioning system (DGPS),
were developed. The database was designed to replay a video image corresponding
to a point on a two-dimensional digital map. Furthermore, the linkage of
various objects existing both in video image and digital map was accomplished
in this methodology, The practical use of hypermap research was examined
by applying it to the proposed moving image georeferencing method. Furthermore,
the level of accuracy was evaluated by utilizing the exact location of
street lamps as control points, with the result that 92.8% of control points
were included within two consequent frames.
Yongjian, Y.; H. Shunji; A. Torre, (1996). Partially correlated polarimetric
K-distribution for multi-look polarimetric SAR images. Applications
of Digital Image Processing XIX Denver, CO, USA 7-9 Aug. 1996
SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng
Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA), pp.628-36.
Keywords: Backscatter; Correlation methods; Electromagnetic wave
polarisation; Gamma distribution; Image texture; Radar imaging; Radar polarimetry;
Radar theory; Remote sensing by radar; Statistical analysis; Synthetic
aperture radar; Multi-look polarimetric SAR data; K-distribution model;
SAR images; Urban areas; Matrix product model; Texture variables; Polarization
channels; Partially correlated gamma distribution; Statistical properties
; Backscattering
Original abstract: A partially correlated polarimetric K-distribution
model is presented to characterize statistical properties of multi-look
polarimetric SAR data acquired over building-and-road-densely-distributed
urban areas. The model is a generalization to the usual polarimetric K-distribution
one and is formulated in terms of the matrix product model in which different
texture variables are assigned to different polarization channels. The
joint distribution of these texture variables are assumed to be partially
correlated gamma. Testing of the generalized K-distribution model was conducted
using NASA/JPL polarimetric SAR data of a building-and-road-densely-distributed
urban area, showing that the generalized K-model is more precise than the
usual K-model in characterizing statistical properties of complex urban
polarimetric SAR backscattering.
You-Ning, W.; R. G. Thompson; I. Bishop, (1999). A GIS based information
integration framework for dynamic vehicle routing and scheduling. Proceedings
of the IEEE International Vehicle Electronics Conference (IVEC'99) (Cat.
No.99EX257) Proceedings of the IEEE International Vehicle Electronics Conference
(IVEC'99) Changchun, China 6-9 Sept. 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.474-9 vol.1.
Keywords: Driver information systems; Geographic information systems;
Goods distribution; Scheduling; Transportation; GIS based information integration
framework; Dynamic vehicle routing; Dynamic vehicle scheduling; Intelligent
transport system; Freight transportation; Geographic features; Traffic
information; Seamlessly articulated environment ; Local courier service
operation
Original abstract: This paper describes a framework for integrating
information for dynamic vehicle routing and scheduling using GIS and intelligent
transport system (ITS). A description of the types of information required
for its application in freight transportation is presented. The integration
framework introduced here aims to accommodate both geographic features
and traffic information within one seamlessly articulated environment.
The systems structure as well as implementation with embedded GIS is described.
A local courier service operation is used as a case study to demonstrate
the potential of such a system.
Yu, B.; I. M. Ostland; P. Gong; R. L. Pu (1999). Penalized discriminant
analysis of in situ hyperspectral data for conifer species recognition.
Ieee Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, V37,
(N5 PT2): 2569-2577.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: Using in situ hyperspectral measurements collected
in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California, the authors discriminate
six species of conifer trees using a recent, nonparametric statistics technique
known as penalized discriminant analysis (PDA). A classification accuracy
of 76% is obtained. Their emphasis is on providing an intuitive, geometric
description of PDA that makes the advantages of penalization clear. PDA
is a penalized version of Fisher's linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and
can greatly improve upon LDA when there are a large number of highly correlated
variables.
Yu, S., (1999). Urban area detection in SPOT images using multi-scale
technique and map knowledge. IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and
Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293) Hamburg, Germany
28 June-2 July 1999
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.62-4 vol.1.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques;
Image classification; Image processing; Terrain mapping; Wavelet transforms;
Geophysical measurement technique; Land surface; Optical remote sensing;
Town; City; Urban area identification; Urban area detection; SPOT image;
Multi-scale technique; Map knowledge; Wavelet transform; Multi-scale representation;
Low frequency information portion; Region growing ; Hysteresis technique
Original abstract: This paper presents a novel approach to urban area
detection in SPOT images. A wavelet transform is first applied to the SPOT
image, which results in two sets of multi-scale representations of the
image: a high frequency information portion and a low frequency information
portion. Knowledge from geographic map is then used as a guide to explore
the low frequency information portion which favors detection of region
information in the image. Urban areas are detected by a region growing
method using a hysteresis technique.
Yu, S.; S. De Backer; P. Scheunders, (2000). Genetic feature selection
combined with composite fuzzy nearest neighbor classifiers for high-dimensional
remote sensing data. SMC 2000 Conference Proceedings. 2000 IEEE International
Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. *Cybernetics Evolving to Systems,
Humans, Organizations, and their Complex Interactions' (Cat. No.00CH37166)
Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics
Nashville, TN, USA 8-11 Oct. 2000
Piscataway, NJ, USA IEEE, pp.1912-16 vol.3.
Keywords: Feature extraction; Fuzzy logic; Genetic algorithms; Geophysical
signal processing; Image classification; Pattern classification; Remote
sensing; Genetic feature selection; Composite fuzzy nearest neighbor classifiers;
High-dimensional remote sensing data; Automated classifier; Hard kNN classifiers;
Fuzzy kNN classifiers ; AVIRIS data
Original abstract: For high-dimensional data, the appropriate selection
of features has a significant effect on the cost and accuracy of an automated
classifier. A feature selection technique using genetic algorithms is applied.
For classification, hard and fuzzy kNN classifiers are compared. Composite
Fuzzy classifier architectures are investigated. Experiments are conducted
on AVIRIS data, and the results are evaluated in the paper.
Yu, Y.; S.-J. Huang; A. Torre, (1995). Development of an automatic
target detection and characterisation system in polarimetric SAR images.
1995 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS '95.
Quantitative Remote Sensing for Science and Applications (Cat. No.95CH35770)
Firenze, Italy 10-14 July 1995
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.1822-4 vol.3.
Keywords: Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques;
Image classification; Radar imaging; Radar polarimetry; Radar target recognition;
Remote sensing by radar; Synthetic aperture radar; Geophysical measurement
technique; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Urban area; Radar remote sensing;
Automatic target detection; Characterisation system; Automatic algorithm;
Polarimetric SAR image; Image recognition; Image processing; Multi-look;
Man-made target; Scaler CFAR; Discrimination; Unsupervised classification;
San Francisco Bay; Building; California; United States ; usa
Original abstract: An automatic algorithm that enables processing multi-look
polarimetric SAR image data to automatically detect stationary ground man-made
targets in diverse natural environments and then to characterise them by
polarimetric characteristics is presented. The algorithm consists of three
main building blocks: scaler CFAR, polarimetric discrimination, and unsupervised
polarimetric classifier. The algorithm is applied to the polarimetric SAR
images of San Francisco Bay for detection and classification of building
targets.
Yu-Chang, T.; C. Kun-Shan (1997). Integration of SPOT and SAR fractal
images for terrain cover classification. Journal of the Chinese
Institute of Engineers, 20, (5): 593-602.
Keywords: Calibration; Compensation; Fractals; Geophysical signal
processing; Image classification; Microwave imaging; Radar imaging; Remote
sensing by radar; Synthetic aperture radar; spot; sar; Fractal images;
Terrain cover classification; Geometric characteristics; Geometry ratification;
Elevation effect; Radiometric calibrations; Three-term corrections; Elevation
antenna gain pattern; Local incident angle variations; Range spreading
compensation; Discrimination capability; Heterogeneous area; Urban regions;
Homogeneous areas ; Open water
Original Abstract: This paper presents the terrain cover classification
from combining SPOT with SAR fractal images. Due to the special geometric
characteristics, SAR images need special geometry ratification before the
process of overlaying with other types of imagery is proper and feasible.
In this study, we develop and verify a simple model to compensate for the
elevation effect in the SAR images. Besides, operations of radiometric
calibration are necessary to perform three-term corrections for: elevation
antenna gain pattern, local incident angle variations, and range spreading
compensation. The important finding is that fractal information significantly
improves the discrimination capability of a heterogeneous area such as
in urban regions, while it slightly degrades accuracy for homogeneous areas,
such as open water. The overall classification performance can give results
that are much superior to those in production by use of SPOT images only.
The integration of SAR fractal images and SPOT data for terrain cover classification
proves to be effective and efficient.
Yun, Z., (1997). Information system for monitoring the urban environment
based on satellite remote sensing: Shanghai as an example. IGARSS'97.
1997 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Remote Sensing
- A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development (Cat. No.97CH36042) Singapore
3-8 Aug. 1997
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.842-4 vol.2.
Keywords: Environmental science computing; Geographic information
systems; Geophysical signal processing; Geophysical techniques; Remote
sensing; Geophysical measurement technique; Optical imaging; Terrain mapping;
Land surface; China; gis; Geographical information system; Urban environment;
Satellite remote sensing; Shanghai; City; Software package; tm; Multispectral
imaging; spot; Water area; Houses; Skyscraper; Vegetation; Buildings; Green
area; Image processing; Image classification ; Feature extraction
Original abstract: A software package was developed for the purpose
of monitoring the urban environment. It was tested in the entire urban
area of Shanghai using TM and SPOT pan data. The water areas, houses, skyscrapers
and green areas in the city were extracted. The TM and SPOT pan data were
merged through different methods and compared. The accuracy of the extracted
water areas is over 95% and that of the recognized skyscrapers is over
90%. The user accuracy of the extracted houses was increased by 30% and
that of green areas by 11%.
Yun-Wu, H.; J. Ning; E. A. Rundensteiner (2000). Optimizing path
query performance: graph clustering strategies. Transportation Research
Part C (Emerging Technologies), 8C, (1-6): 381-408.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Graph theory; Optimisation;
Pattern clustering; Query processing; Path query performance optimization;
Graph clustering strategies; Transportation networks; gis; High I/O costs;
Clustering optimization; Spatial partition clustering; spc; Spatial coordinates;
Two-way partitioning; Approximate topological clustering; City road network;
Memory buffer size; Path length; Locality; Out-degree ; Highly interconnected
city map
Original Abstract: Path queries over transportation networks are operations
required by many geographic information systems applications. Such networks,
modeled as graphs and represented as link relations, can be very large
and need to be stored on secondary storage devices. Path computation over
such large persistent networks involves high I/O costs as links are brought
from secondary storage into main memory. This paper presents a comparative
experimental evaluation of alternative graph clustering solutions. Clustering
optimization involves no run-time cost, requires no auxiliary data structures,
and is complimentary to many of the existing solutions. We develop spatial
partition clustering (SPC), which exploits unique properties of transportation
networks such as spatial coordinates and high locality. We identify other
promising algorithms, such as two-way partitioning and approximate topological
clustering. We fine-tune them to optimize their I/O behavior. Experiments
using an actual city road network as well as randomly generated graphs
consider variations in parameters such as memory buffer size, length of
the paths, locality, and out-degree. Our experimental results are the foundation
for establishing guidelines to select the best clustering technique based
on the type of networks. We find that our SPC performs the best for the
highly interconnected city map; the hybrid approach for random graphs with
high locality; and the two-way partitioning based on link weights for random
graphs with no locality.
Zagolski, F.; J. P. Gastelluetchegorry (1995). Atmospheric Corrections
of Aviris Images with a Procedure Based on the Inversion of the 5s Model.
International Journal of Remote Sensing, V16, (N16): 3115-3146.
Keywords: AVIRIS , atmospheric corrections
Zhan, F. B., (1996). A set of shortest path algorithms that run fastest
on real road networks. GIS/LIS'96 Annual Conference and Exposition
Proceedings Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems/Land Information
Systems Denver, CO, USA 19-21 Nov. 1996
Bethesda, MD, USA American Society for Photogrammetry & Remote
Sensing, pp.755-64.
Keywords: Driver information systems; Graph theory; Minimisation;
Spatial data structures; Shortest path algorithms; Real road networks;
Data structures; Transportation; gis; Operations research; Management sciences
; Oracle
Original abstract: It is well known that computing shortest paths over
a network is an important task in many network and transportation related
analyses. Choosing an adequate algorithm from the numerous algorithms reported
in the literature is a critical step in many applications involving real
road networks. In a recent study, a set of three shortest path algorithms
that run fastest on real road networks has been identified. As a sequel
to that study, this paper reviews and summarizes these algorithms, and
demonstrates the data structures and implementation strategies related
to the algorithms. First, the evaluation of 15 shortest path algorithms
on real world networks is briefly reviewed. Second, three algorithms that
run fastest on real world networks are identified. Finally, data structures
and implementation strategies related to these three algorithms are presented.
This source should be particularly useful for researchers and practitioners
in transportation, GIS, operations research and management sciences.
Zhan, F. B.; C. E. Noon (1998). Shortest path algorithms: an evaluation
using real road networks. Transportation Science, 32,
(1): 65-73.
Keywords: Graph theory; Minimisation; Transportation; Shortest path
algorithms; Real road networks; Randomly generated networks; Operations
research; or; Management science; Geographic information systems ; Geographic
IS
Original Abstract: The classic problem of finding the shortest path
over a network has been the target of many research efforts over the years.
These research efforts have resulted in a number of different algorithms
and a considerable amount of empirical findings with respect to performance.
Unfortunately, prior research does not provide a clear direction for choosing
an algorithm when one faces the problem of computing shortest paths on
real road networks. Most of the computational testing on shortest path
algorithms has been based on randomly generated networks, which may not
have the characteristics of real road networks. In this paper, we provide
an objective evaluation of 15 shortest path algorithms using a variety
of real road networks. Based on the evaluation, a set of recommended algorithms
for computing shortest paths on real road networks is identified. This
evaluation should be particularly useful to researchers and practitioners
in operations research, management science, transportation, and geographic
information systems.
Zhang, B.; X. G. Wang; J. G. Liu; L. F. Zheng; Q. X. Tong (2000). Hyperspectral
image processing and analysis system (HIPAS) and its applications.
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, V66, (N5):
605-609.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: The Spaceborne Imaging Radar - C/X -band Synthetic
Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) mission was a cooperative endeavor of the
United States, Germany, and Italy. The SIR-C/X-SAR scientific research
program was a large international cooperative program of radar for Earth
observation in which 13 countries participated, including China. SIR-C/X-SAR,
with the ability to acquire polarimetric SAR and interferometric SAR data,
was the first spaceborne radar to operate simultaneously at several frequencies
and polarizations, representing the most advanced civilian SAR system for
Earth observation. This paper will present some results of the SIR-C/X-SAR
program made in China. The emphasis is placed on aerial and ground synchronous
experiments with SIR-C/X-SAR overpasses, SAR penetration studies for dry
sands, and SIR-C/X-SAR data applications in relevant fields and different
areas, e.g., discovering the volcanoes of the Kunlun Mountains, detecting
geological features underneath vegetation canopies, and revealing the Great
Wall segments of the Ming and Sui dynasties. The paper also introduces
the use of the Chinese airborne L-band SAR system, developed by the Chinese
High Technology Program, for flood monitoring in 1998.
Zhang, F.-Z.; B. M. Khawaja; Y.-Z. Fan; X.-F. Sun (2000). Application
of GPS/INU/GIS integrated location and navigation technologies in intelligent
transport systems. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, 26, (3): 299-302.
Keywords: Automated highways; Computerised navigation; Geographic
information systems; Global Positioning System; Inertial navigation; Public
information systems; Traffic information systems; gps/inu/gis; Integrated
location and navigation technologies; Intelligent transport systems; Reliability;
Precision; Satellite navigation; Standby characteristics; Non-shadowed
characteristics; Transportation management; Intelligence; 24 hour coverage;
Vehicular ground navigation ; Geographical information system
Original Abstract: The basic idea of intelligent transport systems
(ITS) is introduced. GPS/INU/DM integrated navigation and location technology
and its application in ITS are described. In addition, several technical
measures to increase integrated navigation and location precision and reliability
are presented. This technology combines satellite navigation, inertial
navigation with information technologies, and has all-direction, 24 hours
standby and non-shadowed characteristics. The *automation' of transportation
management and the *intelligence' of vehicular driving will be realized
through using of integrated navigation and location technology. Integrated
navigation and location technology has better practicing value and widely
prospect.
Zhang, F.-Z.; D.-K. Yang; Y.-Z. Fan; X.-F. Sun (2000). Public traffic
information management system in intelligent transport systems. Journal
of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 26, (4):
385-8.
Keywords: Automated highways; Geographic information systems; Traffic
information systems; Intelligent transport systems; Public traffic information
management system; Dynamic management; Traffic congestion; Road traffic
facilities; Road transportation efficiency; Travelling safety; Geographical
information system ; Data management
Original Abstract: The study and development of intelligent transport
systems (ITS) in our country is introduced, and then the main ideas about
public traffic information management system and its dynamic management
are examined. The study and development of public traffic information management
system in ITS can enhance the contact between roads, vehicles, drivers
and managers, so that managers know the public traffic situation well.
Thus traffic congestion can be effectively solved and road traffic facilities
can be improved, and public traffic intelligent management can be realized.
The the efficiency of road transportation and travelling safety will be
enhanced. The public traffic information management system has wide prospects
for the future.
Zhang, W.; H. Yu; X. Ying, (1998). Application of GIS technique to
natural gas pipeline management. IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the
Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium
Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174) IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment.
1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings
Seattle, WA, USA 6-10 July 1998
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.1055-7 vol.2.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Geophysical techniques;
Natural gas technology; Remote sensing; Geophysical measurement technique;
Land surface; Terrain mapping; Civil engineering; gis; Natural gas pipeline;
Geographic information system; Data management ; Georeferencing method
Original abstract: The GIS (geographic information system) technique
is a newly developed data management technique. It is the combination of
geography, computer science, cartography, information science and real
and remote control techniques. The GIS technique has been applied to many
domains since it came out, and as the technique grows its applied fields
is widen, e.g. land management, city information, transportation, fire
protection, city water supply, pubic security, travel information etc.
This paper introduces the GIS technique to natural gas pipeline management.
Natural gas pipeline is a city's lifeline, as the city enlarges, the natural
gas pipeline becomes more and more complicated. How to keep the lifeline
run in the course of nature, a good management method is very important.
The GIS technique takes natural gas pipeline management to a new level.
With an elaborately designed city natural gas pipeline information management
system, the natural gas department can make an optimal decision for planning,
construction, maintenance and emergency responses etc.
Zhang, Y. (2001). Detection of urban housing development by fusing
multisensor satellite data and performing spatial feature post-classification.
International Journal of Remote Sensing, V22, (N17): 3339-3355.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: A large number of change detection techniques have
been developed, but little has been done to detect detailed changes, such
as urban housing development, using satellite data. In this study a new
approach is presented. By fusing multispectral satellite data, e.g. Landsat
Thematic Mapper (TM) or SPOT XS, with panchromatic satellite data, e.g.
SPOT pan, big buildings (10-20 m in width) in urban areas can be extracted.
By performing the spatial feature post-classification, e.g. (1) co-occurrence
matrix-based filtering for separating buildings from noise, (2) axis-oriented
linking and segmentation for a complete extraction of urban water areas,
and (3) mathematical morphology operations for improving the classified
green areas, the accuracy of the extracted classes is significantly increased
and a detailed urban housing map can be generated. By overlaying this map
with the built-up areas extracted from data of an earlier date, newly developed
built-up areas can be detected and big buildings can individually be highlighted.
This new approach was tested in the urban area of Shanghai, China, using
Landsat TM and SPOT pan data. More detailed change detection than with
conventional methods resulted in an average accuracy of the building extraction
of 86%.
Zhang, Y.; J. Zhang; M. Jin; M. D. Desai (2000). Adaptive subspace
decomposition and classification for hyperspectral images. Chinese
Journal of Electronics, 9, (1): 82-8.
Keywords: Adaptive signal processing; Feature extraction; Image
classification; Image resolution; Principal component analysis; Remote
sensing; Adaptive subspace decomposition; Hyperspectral classification;
Hyperspectral images; High spectral resolution; High data dimensionality;
Data dimensionality reduction; Hyperspectral data space decomposition;
pca; Variability ratio measure; High-order moment keeping classification;
Classification accuracy ; Remote sensing images
Original Abstract: In accordance with hyperspectral images' high spectral
resolution and high data dimensionality, this paper proposes a new adaptive
subspace decomposition (ASD) method to reduce the data dimensionality while
keeping the classification accuracy. The method includes two stages. First,
the full hyperspectral data space is decomposed adaptively into some subspaces
with different dimensionality. Then in each subspace, different numbers
of features are extracted adaptively by applying the principal component
analysis (PCA) according to the variability ratio measure. Secondly, the
combined features from different subspaces are used for hyperspectral classification
through the high-order moment keeping classification (HMKC) method. The
results show that the proposed method not only reduces much more data dimensionality
of the hyperspectral images, but also keeps more detailed information in
different bands and achieves higher classification accuracy.
Zhongren, P.; K. J. Dueker (1995). Spatial data integration in route-level
transit demand modeling. URISA Journal, 7, (1): 26-37.
Keywords: Data handling; Demography; Geographic information systems;
Socio-economic effects; Spatial data structures; Traffic engineering computing;
Transportation; Visual databases; Spatial data integration; Route-level
transit demand modeling; Data requirements; Data structure; Transit ridership;
Transit service; Socioeconomic data; Demographic data; Attribute data allocation;
Spatial data allocation; Inter-route relationship; Census areas; Service
areas; Portland metropolitan area; Service changes ; Oregon
Original Abstract: The study addresses the issue of data requirements,
data structure and data integration for transit demand modeling. Transit
demand modeling requires the integration of transit ridership, transit
service and socioeconomic and demographic data. These data are not stored
in consistent geographic units that are required for transit demand modeling.
Two data integration issues are addressed: the spatial and attribute data
allocation, and the inter-route relationship. The accuracy of different
methods to allocate demographic and socioeconomic data from census areas
to the service areas for transit routes are compared, using data from Portland,
Oregon metropolitan area. Spatial data integration is also used to analyze
transit inter-route relationships, the extent to which routes are independent,
complementary or competitive. Inter-route relationship analysis facilitates
route-level ridership modeling to estimate the ridership impacts of service
changes not only on the route with the service change, but also on other
related routes.
Zhong-Ren, P.; J. N. Groff; K. J. Dueker (1998). An enterprise GIS
database design for agency-wide transit applications. URISA Journal,
10, (2): 46-55.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Town and country planning;
Transportation; Visual databases; Enterprise GIS database; Agency-wide
transit applications; Geographic space; Route representation; Tri-County
Metropolitan Transportation District; Relational representations; Spatial
feature; Service scheduling; Linear referencing system; Location referencing
system; Street network; Dynamic segmentation; Automatic trip planning;
Computer-aided dispatch; Service planning ; Scheduling
Original Abstract: Transit applications of GIS require various forms
of representations of routes in geographic space. Project-oriented GIS
databases designed to serve individual applications may result in redundancy
and inconsistent databases among applications. It is preferable to construct
a general enterprise-wide GIS database to meet data needs for various applications.
Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon (Tri-Met) has
developed an enterprise GIS database. This paper documents the development
process and addresses database design issues that are unique for transit
networks: the relational representations of spatial features in the transit
network and temporal service variations in service scheduling. A mechanism
to integrate spatial features of routes, segments and stops with temporal
service variations is developed. Dual referencing systems have been implementing
to design the database: a linear referencing system to link transit stops
and time points on a route, and a location referencing system to relate
the transit network to the underlying street network. Dynamic segmentation
is implemented to relate distance-referenced stops and time points to individual
route paths. The developed enterprise GIS database has become the common
database for several applications in the transit agency, such as automatic
trip planning, computer-aided dispatch and control, and service planning
and scheduling.
Zhou, G. Q.; R. Li (2000). Accuracy evaluation of ground points from
IKONOS high-resolution satellite imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering
and Remote Sensing, V66, (N9): 1103-1112.
Keywords:
Original Abstract: To evaluate the geometric accuracy of ground points
from integrated Global Positioning System (GPS), inertial navigation system
(INS), and high-resolution linear array CCD sensor data, this paper presents
the mathematical model of the bundle adjustment and the experimental results
on the attainable accuracy of ground points versus number and distribution
of ground control points (GCPs), versus the image measurement error of
GCPs and checkpoints, and versus the order of the polynomial fit to the
orbital path. A geodetic control network established in Madison County
in central Ohio, which is used for testing the 3D accuracy of the simulated
new generation IKONOS high-resolution satellite imagery, will be introduced.
Based on the airborne High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) system and simulated
IKONOS imagery (SpaceImaging, Inc.), various experimental schemes involving
geometric strength with various configurations of stereo models, the influence
of the number and distribution of GCPs, and the influence of the image
measurement errors of GCPs and checkpoints were performed. Some recommendations
and suggestions for improving the geometric accuracy of ground points were
finally drawn up from this experimental research.
Ziliaskopoulos, A. K.; S. T. Waller (2000). An Internet-based geographic
information system that integrates data, models and users for transportation
applications. Transportation Research Part C (Emerging Technologies),
8C, (1-6): 427-44.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Graphical user interfaces;
Internet; Traffic information systems; Internet-based geographic information
system; Transportation applications; gis; Spatio-temporal data; Large-scale
databases ; Distributed computing systems
Original Abstract: This paper is concerned with the development of
an Internet-based geographic information system (GIS) that brings together
spatio-temporal data, models and users in a single efficient framework
to be used for a wide range of transportation applications-planning, engineering
and operational. The functional requirements of the system are outlined
taking into consideration the various enabling technologies, such as Internet
tools, large-scale databases and distributed computing systems. Implementation
issues as well as the necessary models needed to support the system are
briefly discussed.
Zong-Guo, X., (1996). Applications of multi-frequency, multi-polarization
and multi-incident angle SAR systems in urban land use and land cover mapping.
IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.
Remote Sensing for a Sustainable Future (Cat. No.96CH35875) Lincoln, NE,
USA 27-31 May 1996
New York, NY, USA IEEE, pp.2310-14 vol.4.
Keywords: Geophysical techniques; Radar imaging; Radar polarimetry;
Remote sensing by radar; Reviews; Synthetic aperture radar; Geophysical
measurement technique; Land surface; Terrain mapping; Radar remote sensing;
Multifrequency method; Multipolarization; Multi-incident angle; sar; Urban
land use; Land cover mapping; Town ; City
Original abstract: Provides a review of the current status of radar
applications in urban land use mapping, identifies the problems that have
prevented the operational use of radar remote sensing in urban studies,
and gives a preliminary assessment of the potential of multi-frequency,
multipolarization, and multi-incident angle SAR systems for urban applications.
Zong-Guo, X.; F. M. Henderson (1997). Understanding the relationships
between radar response patterns and the bio- and geophysical parameters
of urban areas. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,
35, (1): 93-101.
Keywords: Backscatter; Electromagnetic wave scattering; Geography;
Geophysical techniques; Radar cross-sections; Radar polarimetry; Remote
sensing by radar; Urban area; Suburban area; Geophysical measurement technique;
Radar remote sensing; Radar scattering; Built-up area; Town; City; Radar
response pattern; Geophysical parameters; Vegetation mapping; Radar return;
Urban features; Polarization; Incident angle; Look direction; Ground target
factor; Surface roughness; Terrain relief; Street; Infrastructure; Terrain
mapping ; Land use
Original Abstract: This paper reviews the current understanding of
the relationships between radar response patterns and the bio- and geophysical
parameters of urban areas. Specifically, it examines the effects of radar
system, ground target, and environmental factors on the intensity and pattern
of radar returns from urban features. System parameters considered include
radar signal wavelength, polarization, incident angle, and look direction.
Ground target factors are the dielectric properties and surface roughness
of urban features. The environmental variables examined entail terrain
relief, street and structure configuration, soil and vegetation types,
and the composition, fragmentation, and variation of urban infrastructure
elements. The effects of radar data processing techniques on the detectability
of settlements and the accuracy of urban land use/land cover mapping are
also described.